Doutorado em Oceanografia Ambiental

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17531

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2007
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE(Portaria MEC Nº 609 de 14/03/2019) Publicação no DOU em 18/03/2019 Seç. 1, Pág. 63. Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Área(s) de concentração: Sistemas Costeiros e Marinhos
Url do curso: https://oceanografia.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGOA/detalhes-do-curso?id=1469

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Avaliação ambiental integrada como subsídio ao manejo lacustre (estudo de caso : Lagoa Juparanã, ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-10-11) Martins, Fabíola Chrystian Oliveira; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Carvalho, Carlos Eduardo Veiga de; Pedrosa, Paulo
Geoquímica deposicional de metais e hidrocarbonetos no estuário do canal da Passagem (Vitória-ES) e no sistema esuarino dos rios Piraquê-Açú e Piraquê-Mirim (Aracruz-ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-03-14) Costa, Eduardo Schettini; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Figueira, Rubens Cesar Lopez; Baisch, Paulo Roberto Martins
The sediment cores study can provide a historical record of several influences for deposition of pollutants on the aquatic system. As a way to evaluate the natural or anthropogenic deposition of metals and hydrocarbons in two important estuaries of the Espírito Santo, this study examined the levels of these in three sediment cores (P1 , P2 and P3) of the Passagem Channel estuary and three sediment cores (PA05 , 9bnorte and PM01) of the Piraquê-Açú and Piraquê-Mirim Estuarine System (PAPMES). Geochemical markers (d 13C e d 15N stale isotopes and Corg./Ntotal ratio), grain size, carbonate content and sedimentation rate (Passage Channel estuary only) were also analyzed. The results showed an anthropogenic contribution to metals (Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb), which does not happen in the PAPMES, even with higher concentrations of these metals. This difference is possibly due to high input of these elements from Barreiras Formation to the PAPMES. Arsenic in SEPAPM has a high concentration compared with others estuaries, possibly due to an input from the Barreiras Formation and to the deposition associated with the calcium carbonate and Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides. The organic content also presents different rules between the estuaries, being directly relate with metallic elements deposition, especially when associated with petrogenic compounds and domestic effluents derivatives. This pattern does not occur in PAPMES, where the organic content is not directly associated with metals. These contaminations by metals and hydrocarbons in the Passagem Channel are possibly associated to activities that use oil or its derivatives (mooring small boats) and runoff containing waste tires, fuels, lubricants and brake pads. In addition, there is also the increase of the disposal of domestic sewage related to the high population growth in the region of the Great Vitoria. The Piraquê-Açú and Piraquê-Mirim Estuarine System showed no indication of anthropogenic enrichment of metals and petrogenic hydrocarbons contamination.
Aspectos meteo-oceanográficos associados com a concentração de clorofila-a ao longo da cadeia Vitória-Trindade
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-25) Lemos, Angelo Teixeira; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Dias Júnior, Camilo; Silva, Meyre Pereira da; Cirano, Mauro; Ciotti, Áurea Maria
Ecologia e genética da conservação de meros (Ephinephelus itajara) (Serranidae: Epinephelinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-05-29) Souza, Júnio Damasceno de; Farro, Ana Paula Cazerta; Silva, Maurício Hostim; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Silva, Bianca Bentes da; Foresti, Fábio Porto; Oliveira, Gláucia Caroline Silva de
The fish subfamily Epinephelinae are highly related to marine coastal environments, especially reef habitats. Among Epinephelinae, Goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) populations have reduced by excessive fishing and has been severely threatened by loss of breeding habitats (reefs) and growth (mangrove) around its limit distribution along the west coast of the tropical Atlantic.Phylogenetically related to this species are groupers currently are intensively fished in the western Atlantic and the sister species E. quinquefasciatus the eastern tropical Pacific. Population reduction of threats to species conservation to bring long-term due to the decrease in the reproductive capacity by selective capture of large fish, loss of variability and gene flow that ensure suitability for environmental and climatic adversities in evolutionary time. Despite legislation prohibiting fishing for goliath groupers in some countries, illegal taking with morphological mischaracterization is a common practice that difficult or impossible to identify the species. In this respect, molecular techniques have provided important tools for monitoring and surveillance of fishing and become essential in forensic identification of several species. The present study investigates bio-ecological and genetic aspects of ooliath groupers aiming to add information to strategies for conservation of the species along the Brazilian coast. As priority targets three lines of research in order to determine the biological aspects and seasonal frequency of juveniles goliath grouper in mangrove habitat in tropical environments were developed; population genetic characterization of goliath grouper in six localities along the Brazilian coast (Pará, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Santa Catarina) by mitochondrial markers Cyt b and control region, to assess the aspects of diversity, structure and gene flow of stocks and development of practical molecular marker and low cost to assist in monitoring and control of fishing and other eight groupers species of the subfamily Epinephelinae. This study identified a high frequency of juveniles under goliath groupers between 100 and 300 mm, which did not occur in the main studies in the literature with juveniles of the species. Catches were made throughout all months of the year, with significantly greater frequency in the period that includes the hot rainy season in tropical Brazil, with significantly larger sizes in the transition period between late summer and early winter (cold season and droughts). Comparative studies of juvenilesgoliath groupers in other subtropical environments suggest that mangroves can be and essential nursery habitat for early life stages of the species. The results of population genetics indicate moderate to high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity probably associated with recent colonization, with large number of rare haplotypes predominantly single mutational steps. The data revealed no population structure, however, significant genetic variation for both markers was found between stocks of Bahia with the Espírito Santo despite the geographical proximity, indicating the presence of a barrier to gene flow. Significant genetic variations at control region were observed between Pará and Bahia compared to most stocks.There was no correlation signficativa genetic divergence and geographical distance between stocks analyzed. The development of species-specific primers based on the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI), applied in multiplex PCR was enable the simultaneous identification of nine species of the subfamily Epinephelinae: Epinephelus itajara, E. marginatus, E. morio, E. quinquefasciatus, Hyporthodus flavolimbatus, H. niveatus, 14 Mycteroperca acutirostris, M. bonaci and M. microlepis. This technique can be used to control commercial fishing and precise identification of target fisheries for the conservation of the species. Despite the necessary prudence in maintaining the ban on fishing of goliath grouper in the Brazilian coast, the measure in the long run will become ineffective without the habitats of mangrove and reef habitats connectivity lifecycle of endangered species are not recovered and fully protected. The conservation of goliath grouper (E. itajara) the long term will depend on the efforts to ensure stability and the demographic events of dispersion and connectivity among populations that maintain genetic variability.
Identificação e dinâmica de agregação de meros (Epinephelus itajara) na região sul do Brasil e registro de anomalias ósseas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-10-28) Bueno, Leonardo Schögel; Silva, Mauricio Hostim; Tomas, Acacio Ribeiro Gomes; Andrade, Áthila Bertoncini; Ferreira, Beatrice Padovani; Joyeux, Jean-Christophe
Sedimentologia e estratigrafia quaternária dos depósitos costeiros da região de Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-03) Machado, Giseli Modolo Vieira; Albino, Jacqueline; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; Silva, Cleverson Guizan; Muehe, Dieter; Baptista Neto, José Antonio; Ferreira Junior, Paulo Dias
Fluctuations in relative sea level during the Quaternary reveal changes in the architecture and composition of sedimentary deposits due to transgressive / regressive events, energy of the environment and, marine/continental influence. Thus, the stratigraphy has important contribution to the interpretation of these components to predict facies architecture and reconstruct the sedimentation period. Geomorphological evidence is also used to understand the coastal plain evolution. Sedimentological, geochemical and biological indicators are used to recognize the depositional paleoenvironments. The study area comprises the Quaternary coastal deposits of region of Vitória, ES. The area is characterized by a narrow coastal plain between rocks. The methodology is divided into geologic and topographic mapping, stratigraphic, morphoscopic and geochemical analysis. Geologic maps were performed by interpretation of aerial photographs, topographic maps and field trips. The stratigraphic analysis was performed by collecting sediment subsurface through deep cores (SPT) and shallow cores (vibracores). Four deep cores with 20 m drilling on the plain and three shallow cores between 2-5 m drilling on mangroves were performed. Sediments were analyzed by: particle size; organic matter and CaCO3 contents and, shell species classification. Sediments from deep core were also assessed for mineralogical composition and rounding degree, optical appearance and microtextures of quartz grains by optical and scanning electron microscope. Sediments from vibracore were also analyzed for C/N ratio. Twenty datings were performed: 19 by 14C (18 in shells and 1 in organic sediment) e 1 by LOE (quartz). Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the response of coastal sedimentary deposits resulting from fluctuations in sea level during the last 120,000 years in the region. The results contributed to the understanding of the stratigraphic evolution, the role of sea level variations in sedimentary records and the importance of geomorphological control to fill the sedimentation basin. No evidence was found, as sandy terraces associated with the maximum transgression in 120,000 years B.P. The presence of modern estuary, wetlands and beach barrier near the beach current show times of higher sea level during the Holocene. The presence of marine and estuarine shells, fragments of bioclasts, carbonate nodules, C/N ratio below 21 and quartz grains with beach maturity are indicators of marine influence on the environment. Six paleoenvironments were recognized: continental with marine influence, fluvial, bay, estuary, beach barrier and tidal channel. The textural parameters of quartz grains showed little scope of coastal grains within the sedimentation basin. The microtextures by mechanical action on the grain surface indicated predominance of grains related to the fluvial system. Microtextures by chemical action are indicators of environments influenced by marine water and low energy. The proposed evolutionary model for the area is summarized as follows: At isotope stage 5 the region of Victoria was a wide bay with low energy and free connection wit the sea. Around 38,890 ± 180 and > 50,540 years B.P. (isotopic stage 3) the records show a transgressive event in the region. At isotope stage 2, fluvial deposits dominate the plain. The surface of this deposit was dating in 36,307 ± 3292 years B.P. At isotopic stage 1, bay facies dated between 9,448 ± 38 and 7,154 ± 157 cal years B.P., return to occupy the Victoria Bay during transgression, which evolve to estuarine facies to the present. The exposed part a beach barrier is formed around 7,930 ± 150 cal years B.P. and subsequently drowned. Estuary remains with the regression. Some interior areas are transformed into wetlands while, areas near the sea respond to the lowering of sea level by building a beach barrier started at 3,136 ± 185 and 3,201 ± 175 cal years B.P., forming the Camburi plain.
Ecohidrologia e gestão integrada de recursos hídricos em uma bacia lacustre costeira (lago Nova, Linhares, ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-04-10) Gonçalves, Monica Amorim; Chícharo, Luís Manuel Zambujal; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Dias Jr., Camilo; Barbosa, Francisco Antonio Rodrigues; Figueiredo, Juciene Andrade de; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva
Decápodes holo e meroplanctônicos do Atlântico Sul subtropical
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-05-12) Almeida, André Marafon de; Fernandes, Fernando Loureiro; Joyeux, Jean-Christophe; Braga, Adriane Cristina Araújo; Freire, Andrea Santarosa; Abrunhosa, Fernando Araújo
The presente study describes the spatial variation of the Holoplanktonic and Meroplanktonic Decapods in a region of the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean, that covers important oceanographic features such as the Brazil Current (BC) and the Malvinas Current (MC), the Subtropical Convergence, the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) recirculation, South Atlantic Current (SAC), South Equatorial Current (SEC), Benguela Current system and Agulhas Current (AC). Covering an area with important geological features such as the Mid-Oceanic Ridge, the Vitoria-Trindade seamount chain, the Rio Grande Rise and the Walvis Ridge. This study was carried out with Holoplanktonic and Meroplanktonic Decapods collected in three cruises totaling 114 samples. The first two cruises covered 31 stations at the Vitória-Trindade submarine mountain chain and adjacent region in November and December 2011. The third cruise collected 83 samples between October and December 2009, with both latitudinal profiles (20° 16 e 30°S) involving Brasil – Africa in South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The first two cruises had 30 families of Decapods (holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic) identified , divided into 85 taxa from which 47 occurred exclusively on the VitóriaTrindade chain, 28 were broadly distributed in the study area and the other 10 were found only in the adjacent open ocean stations. The ecological index registered along the Vitória-Trindade chain indicates that this environment is highly rich and diverse, composed by holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods, being this the main environment in terms of richness and diversity for planktonic Decapods in the South Atlantic. The third cruise that collected holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods evaluated three longitudinal sectors: West sector (SW), Central sector (SC) and East sector (SE), between two longitudinal profiles 20° and 30°S. Holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods occurred in 31 of the 83 stations, with 22 taxa identified belonging to 10 families: Penaeidae, Luciferidae, Sergestidae, Oplophoridae, Disciadidae, Palaemonidae, Callianassidae, Axiidae, Portunidae e Galatheidae. In general, there is no latitudinal variation in abundance, diversity and equitability of holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods. Cluster, similarity and variance analysis allows us to conclude that holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods are heterogeneously distributed along the analyzed sectors. The results indicate that the epipelagic layer of the subtropical South Atlantic region at the 20 and 30° latitudes show low richness, diversity and abundance of holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Decapods, which are positively correlated with higher temperatures and salinity noticeably in the West Sector (SW) of the study area, where these abiotic factors limit spatial distribution of these crustaceans in the subtropical South Atlantic.
Hidrogeoquímica dos elementos maiores e traço no sistema estuarino Piraquê-Açu e Piraquê-Mirim (Aracruz-ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-05-27) Monteiro, Sury de Moura; Rollnic, Marcelo; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Grassi, Marco Tadeu; Rezende, Carlos Eduardo de
This research aimed to evaluate the dynamic and flow of major elements (Al, Fe and Mn) and trace elements (Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, As and Ni) in suspended particulate matter within a tropical estuarine system. This estuarine system comprises two rivers: the Piraquê-açu River (PA) and the Piraquê-mirim River (PM), Espírito Santo, Brazil. The system covers the river basins of PM and PA, with 69.4 km2 and 378.6 km2, respectively. The confluence of these rivers occurs about 4.5 km from the estuary mouth. The PM discharge is five times lower than PA discharge and then the it is dominated by tidal currents during flood tide. The climate is coastal tropical wet-dry type, with two seasonal periods: higher rainfall (200-250mm) and lower rainfall (25-50 mm). Five field works were performed: tree during higher rainfall (March and December, 2013, and March, 2014 ) and two during lower rainfall (June and September, 2013); along spring tide cycle (13 hours); in six sampling stations: two in PA, two in PM and two at these rivers confluence. Sampling of suspended particulate matter (SPM) was performed by water sampling (filtration) and sediment trap; physicochemical and hydrodynamic data were sampled in situ; sedimentological, mineralogical and chemical analysis were conducted in SPM samples; and numerical modelling was applied in order to verify the main transport patterns of these material in scenarios of high and low rainfall. The estuarine system presents alkaline water (pH 7.7±0.8), which is saturated in oxygen (6.17±0.9) with salinity ranging from 25.31±1.5 to 36.92±0.6. PA presented percentages concentration of major elements (16% Al, 10% Fe e 15% Mn) and trace elements (45% Cr, 48% Zn, 56% Cd e 79% Pb) higher than PM, mainly during high rainfall period. Only Ni (55%), Cu (94%) e As (13%) presented higher concentrations in PM. The estuarine confluence reflect the PA influence, during the high rainfall period, when its river discharge carries high concentration of elements for this region; while in the lower rainfall period, there is higher influence of tidal current, when the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni e As were highest compared to the both rivers. The geochemical indices indicate that this estuarine system is preserved, and the natural supply is the main source of major and trace elements, which are influenced by the presence of minerals for instance kaolinite, goethite, magnetite, ilmenite, gibbsite, hematite and pyrite. The model scenarios demonstrate the materials transfer (SPM, major and trace elements) between the rivers. The model also shows a greater influence of PA and its confluence on PM, mainly during high rainfall period when there is higher retention of material upstream of PM, that increases the residence time and does it more vulnerable, especially due to accumulation of toxic elements such as Zn and Cr. This estuarine system is materials exporter environment, in which the exportation rate is five times larger in PA than in PM during high rainfall period.
Uso de fatores biológicos e ambientais na avaliação de níveis de vulnerabilidade de bosques do manguezal da Baía de Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-11-19) Zamprogno, Gabriela Carvalho; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Fillmann, Gilberto; Gomes, Mario Luiz Soares; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca
The Vitória Bay is an estuary of great socio-economic importance in the state of Espirito Santo. Human interventions make this ecosystem more vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic stressors. An interdisciplinary analysis was performed to understand, through quantitative and qualitative methodology, the intrinsic characteristics that make a forest more or less sensitive to environmental changes in order to classify forests in levels of vulnerability. For this, it was examined vegetation, macrofauna, contaminants, sediment characteristics and urban pressure. Eight areas were established and in each area were demarcated two points, one for forest fringe and one for basin, totalizing sexteen sampling points. At each point were verified the vegetation structure data and semiannually samples were taken to verify particle size data and organic matter in the sediment, characterization of interstitial water, macrofauna and seedlings. In addition, at each point were evaluated the surface morphology of the sediment and sediment samples were collected for analysis of organic microcontaminants and trace and major elements. Although subject to various human impacts, the vegetation structure has forests with different degrees of maturity and structural heterogeneity, and the most distant areas of direct human impacts, inner portion of the Bay, have forests with higher levels of development and environmental quality compared to the ones closer to urban pressure points. Intermediary development levels were observed indicating pulses of environmental changes. The communities of epifauna of moluscs and crustaceans were different between the fringe and basin points, being influenced by flood frequency. Compositions of the communities were different between the points (1-8) and may have been influenced by anthropogenic changes, crustaceans were more diverse in points with greater anthropic pressure and molluscs, by contrast, showed a reduction in the values of ecological descriptors at those points. In relation to sediment contaminants, this study demonstrates that the points at the extremity of the Bay, subjected to greater human pressure, had higher concentrations of the compounds. Analysis of the sediment surface morphology along the Vitória Bay indicated that 63% of the points presented erosive trend. Indicators were determined to classify forests in three levels of vulnerability and showed to be good estimators in determining mangrove levels of vulnerability to future disturbances and can indicate priority areas for recovery and management.
Aportes de água e nutrientes para o sistema estuarino da Baía De Vitória (ES) : subsídios para a gestão ambiental integrada
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-10-10) Teubner Junior, Fernando Jakes; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Soares, Mário Luiz Gomes; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Rodrigues Neto, Renato
The Vitória Bay Estuarine System - SEBV (42 km2 ) is located in the south central portion of the state of Espírito Santo, part of the municipalities of Vitória, Vila Velha, Cariacica and Serra. The Vitória Bay is the main component of the estuarine system. A set of 10 watersheds (1,925 km2 ), especially the Rio Santa Maria da Vitoria - SMV (1,563.3 km2), drain into the SEBV. The aim of this study was to estimate the hydrological flows and watershed nutrients to the estuarine system and understand the relationships between these flows, the evolution of land use and occupation of the tributary watersheds and the change in water quality of estuary. This information supported the evaluation of existing governance actions and their effectiveness, and to propose improvements. The occupation around the SEBV features a range of environmental and cultural characteristics that often show incompatible. Environmental degradation is confirmed from different studies in SEBV that found contamination of water and sediments by heavy metals, hydrocarbons and enteric microorganisms. The watersheds to SEBV are subject to a large number of grant applications of water resources, and conflicting uses. The SMV watershed is responsible for 80% of hydrological flows that contribute to SEBV. Watersheds comprise two groups: urban and densely populated; and rural with low population density and forests remainings. The estimated emissions of N and P from the watersheds to the SEBV correspond to 10,783.7 and 5,480.4 ton.year-1, respectively, with the SMV watershed responsible for 80 and 89 % of N and P, respectively. The Canal da passage Sul was responsible for smaller contributions, with 1.1 and 0.6 % of the total N and P, respectively. When normalized by area, the higher emissions are associated with the Praia da Costa e Canal waterhed - PC, 20.1 and 5.5 ton.km-².year-1 to N and P, respectively. Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 97 and 99 % of total emissions of N and P, respectively, with livestock activities generating 74.5 % of N and 88.0% of P. Urban expansion occurred in the Grande Vitória Metropolitan Region in the period 1970- 2010 resulted in the loss of natural areas (e.g., forests) and semi-natural (e.g, agriculture and pasture), and increase of urban-industrial areas. The State Government and municipalities have water management in action, together with the watershed committees and different sectors of society. However, the results of governance are not satisfactory, resulting in impairment of environmental quality and availability of water quality and quantity for the maintenance of ecosystem services in watersheds and SEBV. The implemented programs have long delays between their formulation and its implementation, as well as delays in implementation. The low adherence of the population, as well as scarce mentions the integration of fluvial and estuarine continuum, and the lack of knowledge of causeeffect of watersheds flow to the estuary, are factors that compromise the integrated viii management in watersheds and SEBV. The DPSIR proved effective as a method for integrating the results obtained, in order to understand how the morphometric variables, specific flow rate, population density, productive activities, N and P emissions estimates and the development and land use in the watersheds may affect the environmental quality of SEBV, supporting the development of management responses. Agriculture, urbanization and industrialization, water catchment for irrigation and human and industrial consumption were considered the main drivers in watersheds and SEBV, resulting in pressures such as deforestation, increased anthropogenic nutrient loading, dumping of solid waste, sewage and industrial wastewater, water withdrawal, transposition of watersheds and river damming. As management strategies are proposed regulatory, legislative, corrective, compensatory and preventive actions. From the results, it appears that the current situation of environmental quality found in SEBV and watersheds points to an extremely worrying situation, a condition which we do not see changes in the medium term and that has worsened over the past few years. A set of programs running projects a favorable scenario to reverse this situation in the coming years, if they are hired.
Evolução sedimentar recente ao longo de uma plataforma continental contrastante de sedimentação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-05) Silva, Alex Evaristo da; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; Albino, Jacqueline; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Reis, Antônio Tadeu dos; Silva, Cleverson Guizan
The present thesis is study about the sedimentary and morphological evolution in continental shelf section with distinct influence between sedimentary input and dispersion. The north-central continental shelf of Espírito Santo (Brazil) has contrasting features such as the presence of delta lobe and incised valley with exposed channels, as well as the mixed sedimentary environment marked by terrigenous dominance in the coastal areas and by rhodoliths and carbonate gravels in offshore areas. Were analyzed 186 surface sediment samples from published works, 6 piston corer that are deployed in 730 samples, and 485 km and 920 km of seismic lines boomer and stratabox source respectively. Sediments surface analysis showed the presence of distinct sedimentary regimes resulting from current and past hydrodynamic processes. Distal mud belt suggests high energy events as responsible for resuspension and redistribution of fine sediments. The surface heterogeneity is also recognized in subsurface sediments, where six sedimentary environments were recognized: fluvio-estuarine with continental dominance; inner estuarine; beach or river mouth; marine continental shelf, terrigenous shelf and prodelta. Transgressive ravinement and maximum flooding stratigraphic surfaces were observed throughout the piston corer. In terms of seismic stratigraphy, eight seismic units were identified. The pattern distribution of these units condition two distinct evolutionary models for the study area. The sedimentary evolution in the north indicates the construction of carbonate environment during MIS3, high development of transgressive fluvial deposits and presence of Doce River regressive lobe. In the south, incised valleys domain were observed, with decrease in their filling towards the basins, which suggests two distinct moments of sea level rise. The low development of the seismic units around the incised valleys suggests limited sedimentation during transgression, restricted to fluvial channel. After continental shelf flooding, carbonate sedimentation dominated the external shelf, with greater development to the south. Difference between north and south was probably conditioned by continental and continental shelf physiography and by variation of past and present sedimentary input. The Doce submerged delta presented an elongated geometry similar to main fluvial systems of the word, which indicates significant longitudinal sedimentary transport and fine sedimentary composition, corroborated by elongated orientation to the north of the sedimentary plume, and by sand-muddy submerged delta composition. Two depocenters and two seismic subunits were observed near river mouth and associated with shift of the channel. Delta sub- merge delimitation is important to scale the potential impact area of the tailings mud that reached the mouth of the Doce River on November 22 (2015) and spread over a wide area of the continental shelf. Geological faults were recognized on the continental shelf, mainly along 42 m isobaths with the same SSW-NNE orientation of lineaments in the continent. The distribution of physiographic elements, such as lobed features, high and low topographic areas, channels, escarpments and erosive grooves show distinction of the sedimentary processes along the continental shelf. Lobed features were found in the limits of the inner-medium and medium-outer continental shelf, which suggests significant sedimentary contribution during the last transgression. High topographic and escarpment were interpreted as possible paleo-coastline in the middle shelf, while distinction at height of the topographic highs on the outer shelf indicates greater development of carbonate constructions to the north. The topographic highs associated with incised valleys in the south were interpreted as reef growing along their margins. The results indicate that distribution and preservation of sedimentary environments installed on the continental shelf during Upper Pleistocene-Holocene were mainly conditioned by fluvial input, either as a direct contribution of terrigenous sediments or by inhibition in the establishment of carbonate communities. The continental geomorphology also seems to be an important indicator of the characteristics found in the continental shelf.
A Plataforma Continental de Abrolhos : contexto paleoambiental, sismoestratigrafia e domínios sedimentares
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-27) D’Agostini, Danielle Peron; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; Figueiredo Jr, Alberto Garcia de; Baptista Neto, José Antônio; Jovane, Luigi; Moura, Rodrigo Leão de
The Abrolhos shelf is located in the Eastern Brazillian continental margin between the 17ºS and 20ºS parallels. This shelf embraces the biggest and most important reefal complex in the South Atlantic and also the largest rodoliths bank in the World. The complex relation between geomorphology and diversity of bottom faciology has been associated to an interaction of evolutive, antropic, climate and oceanographic factors. The hypothesis of the anteceding paleotopography was tested as a controlling factor of the facies distribution pattern and modern geomorphology, aiming to understand which evolutive processes influenced the formation of the continental shelf. The dataset was acquired in the shelf and slope of the Abrolhos continental margin, including geophysical (bathymetry and seismic), sedimentological (surficial sediments and cores) and seabed imaging data. The results were presented in three chapters: 1) Shelf-slope system response to distinct evolutive processes, with major developing of carbonate constructions in the North region together with a classic slope morphology of tropical carbonate environments. In other way, the South region shows dominance of the siliciclastic sedimentation and sigmoid morphologies for the shelf-slope system; 2) Investigation of the anteceding paleotopographies influences as an indicative of its control over both the drainage systems and the starting flooding location in the shelf, as well as its differentiation of regions with distinct evolutive processes; 3) Presentation of paleoenvironments of the shelf during the post-last glacial maximum transgression, indicating the most humid climate influenced environments along the shelf during this period. The data became relevant in terms of the interaction between the controlling factors in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate environments and its evolution process.
Influência das condições de vento e do aporte fluvial na dinâmica sedimentar do trecho centro-norte da Plataforma Continental do Espírito Santo (PCES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-04-02) Oliveira, Kyssyanne Samihra Santos; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Gallo, Marcos Nicolás; Vinzon, Susana Beatriz
Although there are studies that indicate the influence of both wind conditions and fluvial supply in the sediment dynamics in the Espírito Santo continental shelf, the real role of these forcings is not yet completely understood. This Thesis was developed in order to understand how the wind conditions along with the fluvial supply determine the known sedimentary features in this shelf. In this purpose, climatological studies of the wind conditions (Chapter 3) and the hydrosedimentological supply of the main fluvial source to the shelf (Chapter 2) were analyzed jointly the wave - driven mobility under the main meteorological systems acting on the shelf (Chapter 4). For the climatological studies, wind data obtained from the new Climate Forecast System Reanalysis were used, as well as streamflow and suspended sediment concentration data from the National System of Information on Water Resources. The wave aspects used to calculate the sediment mobility were obtained with the DELFT-3D Modeling System. It was found that although the climatology (1979-2014) shows a space-temporal dominance of winds and waves associated to the South Atlantic Subtropical High, in general the sedimentary features found in the shelf reflect the huge importance of winds and waves derived from the Transient Systems. It also was found that the simultaneous wind conditions associated to South Atlantic Subtropical High and high discharge events of the Doce River define the locals of the main fluvial sediment deposition. However, the greater mobility of the waves associated to the Transient Systems, as well as the water column conditions during the action of these systems dominate the long-term transport and deposition patterns of this sediment. A discussion of the environmental implications of the findings of this thesis showed that they contribute to studies involving dredging and disposal operations, helping to determine the places with most cost-effective environmental. Moreover, the knowledge of the temporal variability of the Doce River allowed the detection of extreme hydrological conditions, which contributes to an effective management of the watershed and the adjacent coastal region. Another important contribution is the better understanding of the sediment dispersion from the Doce River, and consequently of the pollutants supplied by the fluvial system. In this way, the results presented and discussed here are essential for management decision-making, since the Espírito Santo north-central continental shelf is of great environmental and economic interest from the point of view of fishing, oil and gas exploration, and navigation. The identification and determination of typical and extreme patterns and their contribution to the patterns of sediment dynamics will lead the managers to a greater knowledge of the shelf in question, allowing for more effective resolutions and a more adequate monitoring of these interventions.
Bivalves filtradores e a regulação da eutrofização estuarina : biofiltração por Crassostrea rhizophorae da seção norte do sistema estuarino da Baía de Vitória-ES, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-05-07) Leite, Thayana de Alencar; Chícharo, Luís; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Fernandes, Luis Fernando Loureiro; Tognella, Monica Maria Pereira; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Pinto, Taciana Kramer
The mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) is an important species for regulating the eutrophication of tropical estuarine ecosystems through the filtration capacity of the seashore to which it is exposed through the preferential ingestion of nano-phytoplanktonic particles. The biofiltration can be measured by the clearance rate (CR), that is, the volume of water that is filtered per unit of time, and can be applied from several methods, with emphasis on in situ biodegradation methods (CRbd) and of continuous flow in the laboratory (CRfc). The efficacy of the mangrove oyster filtration depends primarily on the availability of organic matter as well as biophysics to environmental conditions (e.g., salinity). In this context, the objective of the thesis was to analyze the ecosystem service for regulation of eutrophication (i.e., removal of organic seston) in the North Section of the Estuary System of the Bay of Vitoria - NSVBES. The NSVBES covers an area and volume of 10 km2 and 2.5x107 m 3 , respectively, whose average depth is less than 3 m. In the SNSEBV, the average residence time is 35 days, under a medium and semi-stratified euhalin condition, with total and organic seston concentrations, on average of 14.9 and 15.8 mg.L-1 , respectively. In this scenario, the CRbd of C. rhizophorae is 1.56 L.g-1 .h-1 . The CRbd by biomass in the NSVBES mangrove (3.77x105 kg.km-2 ) is 7.07x109 L.kg-1 .dia-1 , corresponding to a daily regulation of 28% of the estuarine volume. The economic value attributed to removal of organic seston, conversion of chlorophyll a to nitrogen, is US$ 298,327.22. The economic value of the ecosystem service of eutrophication regulation can act as monetary justification in environmental management for the conservation of estuarine natural resources. We emphasize the ecological importance of C. rhizophorae and needs to guarantee the effectiveness of the regulation service of estuarine eutrophication.
Geoquímica do arsênio, dos elementos terras raras e dos metais pesados Cr, Zn, Ni e Pb nas plataformas continentais do Rio Doce (ES) e de Abrolhos (BA)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-05-28) Cagnin, Renata Caiado; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; Sá, Fabian; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Lima, Maria Tereza Weitzel Dias Carneiro; Baptista-Neto, José Antônio
Aiming to know the different geochemical aspects of the brazilian east continental shelf, which includes the Doce River Continental Shelf (RDCS) and Abrolhos Continental Shelf (ACS), this thesis investigates, through the analysis of four sediment cores (± 3 m ), the sources and carrier phases that leads to the enrichment of arsenic (As); the occurrence of rare earth elements (ETRs) and their relationship to depositional processes; and the enrichment and background of heavy metals of potencial environmental risk Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb in both continental shelves. The PCRD sediment deposited in recent centuries is highly contaminated by As (FE = 15 and Igeo = 4), moderately contaminated with Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb (Igeo = 2) and enriched in ETR (FE = 5). This feature is due to the strong influence of the sediment brought by the Doce River, which originates a differentiated pattern of sedimentation in relation to PCA. The core most enriched in As, ETRs and heavy metals is on the south of the DRCS, due to the current influence of fluvial discharge. The PCA is not contaminated by the analyzed metals and only a slight enrichment is observed in the superficial sediment of the inner shelf (T06) that comes from the recent urbanization in the region. It is proposed that one of the main sources of sediment enriched by the chemical elements, especially As, in the PCRD is the input of the river and the impacts caused by the mining of the river basin. The geochemical background shows natural enrichment of all elements analyzed on both continental shelves. In general, the same factors determine the natural contribution of As, ETR and Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb in the continental shelves studied, where the increment is related to the exogenous processes, the remobilization of the sediment and the occurrence of Fe and Mn oxides. One of the main natural sources of the chemical elements is the Barreiras Group, due to the similar geochemical signature to this formation found in the region of study. The increase of ETR and heavy metals in the deeper samples on the north of the Doce River and in the Abrolhos depression may be related to the higher deposition of enriched detrital material due to the greater influence of the continental drainage in the period of lower sea level. In the case of PCRD, this enrichment may also indicate past positioning of the mouth of the Rio Doce to the north. Sediment enrichment in As, Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb provides environmental risks associated with the bioavailability of these elements to the water column. This thesis provides important unpublished data on the geochemistry of a stretch of the Brazilian East continental shelf recently hit by the iron ore tailings in the Mariana Disaster, making the geochemical background present in this work extremely important for the understanding of the real impacts caused in this region.
Análise da composição e estrutura interna de rodolitos da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-06-19) Menandro, Tarcila Franco; Amado Filho, Gilberto Menezes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-4915; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5734763044971419; Bastos, Alex Cardoso; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-1134; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2951081353357019; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-2607; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6958042160031234; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-6642; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9423011006200936; Pereira Filho, Guilherme Henrique; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6078-2241; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1211745530577271; Brasileiro, Poliana Silva; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-8907; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3652663799345776; Bahia, Ricardo da Gama; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-8008; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3076005225100928
Rodoliths are nodules composed mainly of calcareous algae and other subordinate encrusting organisms (SEO), formed by subsequent overlapping processes of incrustations. The rhodoliths of the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain presented as main builders the calcareous algae (genera Sporolithon, Mesophyllum, Lithothamnion, Hydrolithon and Titanoderma) and peyssonneliaceae (genus Peyssonnelia). The main groups of SEO were encrusting foraminifers (Homotrema rubrum, agglutinated foraminifera or encrusting foraminifera), bryozoans, serpulids and cirripids. In rhodoliths where the bioerosion is very high, obliteration of the morphological characters of calcareous algae occurs, and identification at the species level is impossible, making it difficult to characterize the environment since this must be done at the species level. The study of the composition of SEO is an alternative to the study of the algal assemblage in environments with high bioerosion index. The analysis of the composition of SEO was distinct between the seamount and the insular platform indicating local differences in these environments that would be influencing the establishment of organisms. The ichno-assemblage of the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain was composed of microperforations and macroperforations of the Entobia type (associated with perforating sponges); Gastrochaenolites (associated with bivalves) and Trypanites (associated with polychaetes and sipunculus worms). The study of the ichno-assemblage identified an environment with low sedimentation rate and low hydrodynamics that allowed the development for long uninterrupted period of bioerosion. The formation of empty spaces by the bioerosion process allows the deposition of sediment that can trap benthic macroforaminifera. In Jaseur the genus Amphistegina was more frequent in both collection sites and in Trindade it was the genus Archaias that presented greater contribution. The large number of perforations due to the intense bioerosion could lead to the collapse of the nodules; however, large rhodoliths were observed (larger diameters with a mean of 17.8 ± 3.8cm for Jaseur 74m, 15.92 ± 2.14cm for Jaseur 66m and of 11.74 ± 1.40cm for Trindade 65m). The filling material of the perforations of the rhodoliths internal structure presented a sedimentary texture and was lithified; integrating the rigid structure inside the nodules. The lithification due to the growth of carbonaceous cement crystals in the empty pores in the internal structure is fundamental for the maintenance of nodule integrity. The lithification of the filling sediment creates new rigid structures within the older inner structure and these become susceptible to new infestations of perforating organisms. The repetition of the processes of perforation, filling, cementation and new perforations replaces the original internal structure (composed mainly by encrusting organisms) by the structure resulting from the repetition of processes (composed of bioclasts and lithified sediment). The present study identified the importance of the integrated study of all components of the internal structure of rhodoliths as the best way to understand the dynamics involved in the development of nodules and as a tool to obtaining solid environmental indicators
Sensoriamento remoto por meio de aeronave remotamente pilotada para estudo do manguezal da baía de Vitória (ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-10-03) Silva, Elizabeth Dell’ Orto e; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Coelho, Andre Luiz Nascentes; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Imai, Nilton Nobuhiro; Quaresma, Valéria da Silva
The mangrove ecosystem provides several ecological and economic services, but they are among the most threatened and vulnerable ecosystems in the world. They have become the focus of attention in the context of current climate change and discussions of the services provided by this ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration. In this context, remote sensing is an important tool to detect, identify, map and monitor the mangrove ecosystem. It is possible to obtain information such as tree density and height, species dominance, evaluate erosive processes, study the population dynamics of the vegetation, biomass calculation, among other studies. Such studies may be based on different sensors, such as aerial photography, high and medium resolution optical images, hyperspectral data and active microwave data (SAR). The acquisition of data through orbital sensors has some gaps such as revisiting time and spatial resolution. On the other hand, the high-resolution multispectral optical sensors on-board in a Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is a promising technology for the detailed mapping of coastal ecosystems although the radiometric calibration process is still challenging. In this research we used ortomosaics obtained by an UAV for the multispectral analysis of the mangrove of Vitória Bay and we carried out hyperspectral analysis of three mangrove species; R. mangle, L. racemosa and A. schaueriana by means of spectroradiometry in the laboratory.
Dinâmica populacional de plântulas de Rhizophora mangle L. no Sudeste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-10-25) Lima, Karen Otoni de Oliveira; Cunha, Simone Rabelo; Andrade, Humber Agrelli de; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Longo, Leila de Lourdes; Cavalcanti, Viviane Fernandez
The analysis of the growth pattern and the knowledge of the population dynamics of seedlings are used as subsidies for the ecological understanding of mangroves. This thesis aimed to select and compare regression models that best describe the growth curves of Rhizophora mangle seedlings based on the variables: height (cm) and time (days) and to understand their population dynamics. Three plots were established in fringe mangrove forests in the Itaúnas river, located in the South Atlantic (Conceição da Barra, Espírito Santo). The present seedlings and the new recruits were tagged and monitored between 2008 and 2014. The Linear, Exponential, Power Law, Monomolecular, Logistic and Gompertz models were adjusted with non-linear formulations and minimization of the sum of the squares of the residues. The Monomolecular, Logistic of 3 parameters and Gompertz models presented the best performance to describe the growth of the seedlings, becoming the best options for the long-term studies. The different curves reflect the complexity of stem growth at this stage for species. The analysis of the joint distribution of the parameters (H0, r and K) allowed the study of the ecological attributes and allowed to observe their variability among the individuals in each model. Population dynamics were evaluated by constructing the life table of the annual cohorts and adjusting the Exponential model for the survival data. The results showed variability in recruitment and high mortality rates in the first two years of all cohorts. They showed Type III survival curve, corresponding to an exponential decay function and evidencing the mortality pattern at the seedling stage regardless of the evaluated temporal scale and the forest structure in which they are submitted. The values of b, slope of the curves, of the cohorts were different showing that the intensity in the decline of the number of seedlings varies between generations. The results presented reinforce the importance of long-term studies in mangroves and how seedling growth and cohort survival are variable over time, where few individuals can effectively reach the young stage. On the other hand, these characteristics reinforce the resilience of the ecosystem.
Pesca camaroneira e conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores artesanais de camarão na costa central do Brasil : implicações conservacionistas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-11-01) Fernandes, Joelson Musiello; Zappes, Camilah Antunes; Hostim-Silva, Mauricio; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Braga, Adriane Araújo; Freitas, Matheus Oliveira; Dadalto, Maria Cristina
The Atlantic seabob fishery is an important and old fishing activity in Brazil, participating in the socioeconomic and cultural context of many fishing communities. Atlantic seabob is a resource with information on biology and ecology available in the literature, and fisheries management measures consider only this information. However, studies aiming at exploring the human dimension are still absent in the literature. On the other hand, for fishery management measures to be effective it is necessary to include fishermen in the management process. In this sense, this PhD thesis was developed to studying, for the first time, the following aspects: social and labor profiles of Atlantic seabob fishery, local ecological knowledge, attitudes towards shrimp conservation, relation to the main management measure (closure), the economic dynamics of the activity and the decision process for choosing the fishery. For this, ethnographic methods were used in four fishing villages in the central region of Brazil. The regions studied in the state of Bahia were Santa Cruz Cabrália and Barra de Caravelas; while in Espirito Santo state they were Barra Nova and Anchieta in the north and south, respectively. In total, 80 fishermen were interviewed, of which were 36 fishermen are resident in Caravelas, 18 in Anchieta, 14 in Barra Nova and 12 in Santa Cruz Cabrália. The results show that fishermen who work in the shrimp fishery are male, aged from 20 to 73 years old and have low schooling. Fishermen have lived in the regions for more than 22 years (on average), have learned to fish with relatives and intend to continue fishing. The fishing activity is carried out by small vessels (maximum 9.5 meters long), performed alone (eg: Anchieta and Santa Cruz Cabrália), with 2 crew (Barra de Caravelas) or 3 crew (Barra Nova). During the activity, fishermen make between 2-3 drags, with the exception of Santa Cruz Cabrália (4-6 drags). In the post-capture process, the processing is carried out in the family scope; the shrimp is primarily marketed to middlemen, with the exception of Santa Cruz Cabrália, where it is carried out for community. In relation to CEL indexes and conservationist attitudes, this study verified that the mean LEK index was 0.51 (± 0.04), being classified as moderate. Communities of Barra de Caravelas and Barra Nova had the highest rates. The average rate of attitudes was 0.65. In the communities of Barra de Caravelas and Barra Nova, the average index was considered high, while in the other regions they were moderate. In relation to the perception of the 'closure', fishermen are against the current period of closure of shrimp fishing, since they affirm that it is not the period of reproduction of shrimp in the two regions: Santa Cruz de Cabrália (75%; n = 09 ), Barra de Caravelas (26%, n = 09), Barra Nova (93%, n=13) and Anchieta (72% n=13). Even in the period when shrimp fishing is prohibited, some fishermen capture the resource and violate the current legislation in Anchieta - (56%; n = 10) and Barra de Caravelas (not respected = 09%; n=03 not responded = 11%, n=04), whereas in the regions of Santa Cruz de Cabrália and Barra Nova fishermen respect the current period of closure. This demonstrates the need to understand the local perception on this topic and to include the fishermen in the management decisions and public measures involving shrimp fishing.

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