Doutorado em Engenharia Ambiental

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Análise das deformações viscosas e da segregação de fases em floculadores tubulares helicoidais e suas relações com a razão de curvatura
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-12-02) Sartori, Maurício; Teixeira, Edmilson Costa; Pires, Eduardo Cleto; Rauen, William Bonino; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Rigo, Daniel
Helical tubular flocculators (FTHs) when compared with the currently employed hydraulic flocculato s in water and wastewater treatment plants have demonstrated high efficiency in the floc formation with low hydraulic retention time (Tdh) and high power dissipation levels, challenging the current flocculation paradigm (high Tdh and low energy dissipation levels). However, the mechanisms that enable these flocculators operating satisfactorily in these operational conditions have not yet been elucidated. It is known that the fluid viscous deformations present a great influence on the collision opportunity and, consequently, on the flocculation. Another factor that also has relevance in the flocculation is the particles’ concentration which, in the current models, it is assumed uniform throughout the reactor. In this context, aiming at enhance the understanding of the flocculation in those flocculators, this work presents an evaluation of the influence of the FTHs’ curvature ratio (d/D, where d is the tube diameter and D is the coil diameter) on the fluid elements strain rate, which has been assumed to be the main collision mechanism between particles. It is also shown that d/D influences the phase segregation, a characteristic of two-phase flows in curved pipes. For this purpose, we evaluated 5 FTHs configurations with curvature ratio of 0.0091, 0.0182, 0.0364, 0.0729 and 0.1458, with the support of computational fluid dynamic simulations (monophasic and biphasic), with and without considering the gravitational field, by adopting horizontal and vertical coil axes, respectively. The results demonstrate the importance of taking into account the linear strains, neglected in some collision models, besides the direct relationship of the curvature ratio with both angular and linear strains, and, consequently, with the shear strain rate. Regarding the phases segregation, there was an inverse relationship with the curvature ratio. However, this segregation is influenced by the reactor's position relative to the gravitational field. In horizontal coil axis reactors, at each turn, there is a cycle of segregation and mixing. In vertical axis FTHs, there is a significant increase of particles’ concentration in the reactor region close to the inner wall, due to the combined effect of the secondary flow drag and gravitational attraction.
Análise de componentes principais em séries temporais multivariadas com heteroscedasticidade condicional e outliers : uma aplicação para a poluição do ar, na Região da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-04-01) Monte, Edson Zambon; Reisen, Valdério Anselmo; Bondon, Pascal; Ispány, Márton; Munaro, Celso José; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa
Issues relating to air quality have become increasingly important, since many health problems come from air pollution. In addition, air pollution contributes to the degradation of the environment, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Thus, several studies adopting technical statistics have been conducted in order to contribute in the making of public and private actors with regard to combating pollution, prevention of high concentrations and formulation of laws for this purpose. The classical principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical methodologies adopted. The PCA is used for dimensional reduction, cluster analysis, regression analysis, among others. However, among the studies that have adopted the classical PCA, a common feature is to neglect the conditional heteroscedasticity and/or the presence of additive outliers, which may lead to spurious results (misleading), since the estimated autocovariance matrix may be biased (estimated incorrectly). It is possible to note that the time series related to air pollution tend to present conditional heteroscedasticity and additive outliers. Then, the first paper of this thesis proposed to apply a multivariate filter VARFIMA-GARCH to the original data and use the classical PCA on residuals of the VARFIMA-GARCH model. Besides the volatility, this model was used to filter the temporal correlation and the long memory behavior. The application of the PCA on the residuals of the VARFIMA-GARCH model was more consistent with the environmental characteristics of the Greater Victoria Region (GVR), Esp´ırito Santo, Brazil, than the application using the original data The second paper, that is the core of this thesis, the technique of principal volatility components (PVC), proposed by Hu e Tsay (2014), was extended for a robust approach (RPVC), in order to capture the volatility present in the multivariate time processes, but considering the effects of additive outliers on conditional covariance, since these outliers may mask (“hide”) the conditional heteroscedasticity or even produce spurious volatility. The proposed RPVC improved the predictions of PM10 exceedance days in the Laranjeiras station, in the GVR.
Análise fatorial em series temporais com long-memory, outliers e sazonalidade : aplicação em poluição do ar na região da Grande Vitória-ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-07-20) Sgrancio, Adriano Marcio; Reisen, Valdério Anselmo; Zielgmann, Flávio Augusto; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Bovas, Abraham; Thavanesswaran, Aerambamoorthy
Studies about air pollution typically involve measurements and analysis of pollutants, such as PM10 (particulate matter), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and others. These data typically have important features like serial correlation, long dependency, seasonality and occurence of atypical observations, and many others, which may be analyzed by means of multivariate time series. In this context, a robust estimator of fractional robust autocovariance matrix of long dependence and seasonal frequency for SARFIMA model is proposed. The model is compared to SARMA model and is applied to SO2 concentrations. In addition of the mentioned features the data present high dimensionality in relation to sample size and number of variables. This fact complicates the analisys of the data using vector time series models. In the literature, the approach to mitigate this problem for high dimensional time series is to reduce the dimensionality using the factor analysis and principal component analysis. However, the long dependence characteristics and atypical observations, very common in air pollution series, is not considered by the standard factor analysis method. In this context, the standard factor model is extended to consider time series data presenting long dependence and outliers. The proposed method is applied to PM10 series of air quality monitoring network of the Greater Vitoria Region - ES.
Avaliação de racionalidades do uso da água na agricultura : desenvolvimento de modelos conceituais e de procedimento metodológico em apoio à co/auto-gestão de microbacias
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-04-14) Lopes, Marcos Eugênio Pires de Azevedo; Teixeira, Edmilson Costa; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Reis, Edvaldo Fialho dos; Medeiros, Yvonilde Dantas Pinto; Paz, Vital Pedro da Silva
This work presents the development of an innovative methodological procedure, applicable to real situations which integrates participatory methodology and multicriteria analysis. The adopted participatory methodology was the River Basin Game and the method utilised in the multicriteria analysis was the Weighted Average Method. The problematic that justified this study refers to: (a) a dominant understanding about the rationalisation of the use of water resources in irrigation that represents a partial perspective, essentially underpinned by the need of technological advances and (b) the imbalance in between formal and local water management, in part stemming from the aforementioned problematic, whereas various aspects are related to, amongst them, conceptual constraints of water policies, gap between technical-scientific institutions and society, low levels of society participation in water management. This reality results in the low (or inadequate) implementation of water policies that ends up perpetuating development models based on dominant concepts and, often, excluding society’s most disenfranchised groups. In this sense, the developed methodological procedure was applied in a real situation: the analysis of agricultural water management in the catchment of Sossego creek (Itarana city, Espirito Santo state, Brazil). In this area, smallholder farmers and irrigated agriculture are predominant. It was possible to analyse how the study area is subject to Brazilian formal water policy and faces water scarcity, predominantly due to intensification of and inadequate distribution of water in irrigation. The integration of the adopted tools was rather significant as, amongst other advances, it allowed, richly and significatively, the involvement of different stakeholders with diverse levels and kinds of knowledge (Academy, farmers, public institutions) aiming at the construction of a local model and the gathering of alternatives to the search for solutions to the inadequate water management. Hence, this promoted balance between local and technical knowledges. Furthermore, through the application of the methodological procedure, the dominant idea of rationalisation was corroborated, though there is evidence that new rationalities could be (or have already been) adopted, with the benefits and consolidation of adaptive co-management.
Características sensoriais e o risco microbiológico em águas cinza tratadas para reúso predial
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-11-04) Oliveira, Laila de Oliveira Vaz; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Magri, Maria Elisa; Paulo, Paula Loureiro
Risk perceptions are triggered by emotional reactions and are represented as a feeling or instinct to indicate quickly whether something is good or bad, safe or unsafe. Thus, judgment and perceptions of risk are less knowledge-based than "think" about a hazard and more about how you feel about it (affective reactions). Thus, perceptions as pleasant or unpleasant odor of the effluent to be reused can induce feelings of low or high risk to the user, directly influencing the user's decision to reuse the water. This study aims to analyze the sensory characteristics (odor) of the greywater at different stages of treatment to different types of reuse systems through sensory methodologies, and to evaluate the microbiological risk inserted into the reuse of greywater. The main focus is to identify possible links between these characteristics and their effects on the microbiological risk and the perception of the users of treated greywater. The main objective of the survey is to provide technical support for the practice of consolidation of reuse in Brazilian buildings according to criteria and parameters which ensure the health and environmental performance of building reuse greywater systems. Therefore, was developed three items: (1) Greywater reuse in buildings In Quantitative Assessment Of Microbiological Risk Perspective, (2) Quantitative Assessment Of Microbiological Risk Arising From Greywater reuse in buildings Treated For A Anaerobic Filter Followed From Wetlands and (3) Study of the perception of the reuse system user via olfactometry analysis of greywater treated at different quality levels. It is possible to establish a relationship between the olfactometry analysis and microbiological risk. The results of olfactometry analysis revealed that the treated effluent in Wetland presented odor with enough intensity to be perceived, even with their considerably reduced intensity indicating that treatment as satisfactory in removing the odor generating effluent of good acceptance and microbiologically safe, not adding risk the user. As technical support for the practice of consolidation of reuse in Brazilian buildings becomes plausible to propose a limit on water reuse in sanitary basin 1000NMP / 100ml without adding risk to the user.
Caracterização química e morfológica de partículas sedimentadas na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória - ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-27) Conti, Melina Moreira; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Kerr, Américo Adlai Franco Sansigolo; Andrade, Maria de Fátima; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Santos, Jane Méri
The main objective of this thesis is to study the dustfall in the Metropolitan Region of the Great Vitória (RMGV),including an alysisordepositionflux, physico-chemical characterization, size distribution and morphologicalcharacterization to classifysource categories withhigh degree of similarityandcontributing to identifythe main sources of the region. The samples were collected between the months of May and November 2010 atfour sitesin RMGV, by using copper plates and samplers based on the American Standard ASTMD1739-98 (2004). The deposition flux was determinedby gravimetric methodbased on the Brazilian Standard ABNT MB3402 (1991). The analysis of the chemical composition andmorphology were performedby Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with individual-particle X-ray analysis(SEM/EDS). Threemaingroups of particles were found:particles with high contentofSi and Al with low concentrations of K, Ti and Fe; particles with high content of C; and particles with highcontent ofFe.The first group is probably aluminum silicatematerials related to the crust and dirt roads. The second group the particles may have anorganic origin, related to biogenic processes, burning or coal handling. For the third group, the particlesareprobablyrelated to iron-ore processingand steel manufacturingin the region. It wasalso found a significant presence of NaCl particles, C-Caand high content of Ca-Mg. It was observed that more than 95% of the sampled setted the particles are smaller than 10 μm pelleted, however, more than 95% of deposited mass correspondsto particles larger than 10 μm.Regarding the determination of originof the particles, a comparisonbetween the results obtained here and previous CMB source apportionment study, performed by using CMB, indicates that the results obtained by both techniques are fairlyconsistent, but the use of SEM/EDSenables better source separation/identification, since it relies not only on chemical composition but also on morphological characteristics of the particles.
Chemical Characterization of Particles in Iron-rich Atmosphere of Urban and Industrialized Regions.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-30) Galvão, Elson Silva; Lima, Ana Teresa Macas; Stuetz, Richard Michael; Santos, Jane Meri; Albuquerque, Taciana de Almeida; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Andrade, Maria de Fátima; Martins, Jorge Alberto
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of airborne particulate matter (PM) size and chemical composition with health problemsaffecting the cardiorespiratory and central nervous systems. Therefore, PM source identification is an important step in air quality managementprograms. Receptor models are frequently used for PM source apportionment studies to identify the contribution of local sources. Despite the benefits of using receptormodels for air quality management, limitations such as collinearity effectsin which sources have similar chemical profilesrestrict their application or compromise theaccurate separation of sources. For highly correlated sources, the identification of specific markers is still the best way for more accurate source apportionment. There are several works using different analytical techniques in PM chemical and physical characterization to supply information forsource apportionment models. The choice amongavailable techniquesdepends on:particles physical properties, sampling and measuring time, access to facilities andthe costs associated to equipmentacquisition, among other considerations. Despite the numerous analytical techniques described in the literature for PM characterization, laboratories are normally limited to in-house available techniques, which raisesthequestion if a giventechnique is suitable for the purpose of a specific experimental work. In this work, the state of art on available technologies for PM characterizationis stablished anda guide to choose the most appropriate technique(s)for a specific study is proposed. A new approach is also proposed to identify the most appropriated sourcesassociated to the factors revealed by the Positive Matrix Factorization modelling by characterizing inorganic and organic chemical species and usingpollutant roses. PMsamples werecollected in a coastal, urban/industrialized region in Brazil andanalyzed by EDXRF, TD-GC-MS and TOC for the characterization of metals, PAHs, EC and OC. This region presents an atypical iron-rich atmosphere due to the presence of pelletizing and steelmaking industries. The proposed methodology revealed that consolidated markers for vehicular: elemental carbon(EC) and organic carbon (OC), sea salt: chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na), and industrial: iron (Fe) sources, were also associated to other sources. Cl,a typical marker of sea salt,was also attributed to industrial sintering activities. Some PMF factors showed high OC loadings, a typical marker for both vehicular exhaust and coal burning. The definitionof the most appropriate source for those factors was only possible due to the assessment of the pollutantroses. Potassium (K), a usual marker of biomass burning, was predominantly associated to winds from an industrial parkplaced at Northeast of the sampling sites and, therefore, most likely associated to sintering emissions. Some PAHs such as naphtalene, chrysene, phenanthrene, fluorine and acenaphtylene were keymarkers allowing the apportionment of sources with similar inorganic chemical profiles, among them theindustrialsintering, pelletizing and biomass burning. viiResults showedthat combining both organic and inorganic chemical markers with pollutant roses for identification of the directionality of predominant sources improved the interpretation of PMF factor numbers in source apportionment studies.In addition, theResonant Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction (RSr-XRD) technique wasconducted at the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Synchrotron(LNLS) in Campinas, Brazil, to analyzesettleable particles (SP),totalsuspended particulate matter(TSP), PM10, andPM2.5samples showinghigh levels of iron-based crystalline phases. In comparison to the use of chemical elemental species, the identification of the crystalline phases provided an enhanced approach to classify specific iron-based source markers. α-Fe2O3, metallic Fe, FeS2andK2Fe2O4areassociated, respectively, toiron ore, pelletizing, and sintering; blast furnaces and steelmaking; coal deposits; andsintering emissions. The attribution of crystal rather than elemental composition in the identification of sources improvedthe accuracy of source apportionment studies.Compounds such as K2Fe2O4 andNH4ClO4 arespecificallylinked to thesintering process, mainly formed during raw materials furnace roasting. Uncommonsulfates crystalssuch as FeAl2(SO4)4.22H2O and (NH4)3Fe(SO4)3 present in the PM2.5 samples showed the high influence of α-Fe2O3in the atmospheric photo-reduction of Fe into sulfates. Results also showedhigh influence of other sourcesthan seawith a highClcontribution, such as sintering and coke ovens. Therefore, we believe that the use of receptor models in tandem with source profiles defined bycrystalline phases, elemental species, andorganic compounds, such as the PAHs, can improve distinction of highly correlated sources.
Comportamento de antibióticos da classe das fluoroquinolonas na urina humana durante tratamento para reciclagem de nutrientes via estocagem e evaporação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-08-03) Zancheta, Priscilla Garozi; Pena, Angelina Lopes Simões; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Kiperstok, Asher; Paulo, Paula Loureiro; Ramos, Rogério; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves
There are interesting prospects from the use of human urine as fertilizer in agricultural, mainly in developing countries due to high concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. However, the urine is the major route for excretion of drug and metabolites making it necessary to remove residues pharmaceutical to prevent longterm risks to the environment. The present work aim at developing and validating of a method for simultaneous quantification of the class of fluoroquinolones antibiotics, fluoroquinolones (FQs), ofloxacin (OFLO), norfloxacin (NOR) and ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) in human urine, to evaluate the behaviorof these antibioticsin human urine during treatment for recycling of nutrients for storage and evaporation and analyze the performance of solar evaporators for volume reduction of human urine. The method describes a method for analytical high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) without clean-up step which usually requires the use of large quantities of organic solvents and other procedures such as extraction solid phase. The method is selective with linearity of r> 0.99, sensitive, with recovery of 80% to 107% and suitable for routine analyzes (low cost, simple and use of small volume of solvent) for ecological approaches. This method was applied to evaluate the behavior of the three FQs in human urine during the storage and evaporation. Urine used for both treatments was collected only from males, healthy and without medication use. This was divided into two types, normal urine (without acidification) and acidified urine. During the two treatments were also evaluated the behavior of nutrients from human urine and microbiological analysis in normal urine during storage. For the analysis of the storage, the FQs were used only acidified urine and in evaporation the two kinds were used. The storage of the acidified urine was not able to reduce the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in significant quantities, considering the detection limit of the chromatographic method (1.0 µg l -1). Therefore, monitoring the presence of these pharmaceuticals in human urine must be implemented, when the storage treatment is used as a single treatment. In microbiological tests realized with normal urine during the storage treatment, was found that after a period of 15 days and at room-temperature, the levels of total coliforms and E. coli tended to zero. The evaporation tests showed greater resistance to degradation for OFLO and high degradability for NOR and CIPRO under different conditions of pH and temperature. The urine acidification increased the resistance to degradation the NOR and CIPRO under the temperatures used. The speeds and efficiencies of degradation were reduced relatively to the tests with normal urine. It is concluded that acidification is not an effective method for the conservation of nitrogen and degradation of the OFLO in urine under evaporation conditions tested.For evaluation of evaporation in the two processes we used only acidified urine. The results showed that the volume can be reduced using both techniques. When related the rates of evaporation and energy efficiency, solar parabolic concentrator performed best over the evaporator tray, showing a shorter residence time and higher rates of degradation of FQs
Correlação entre percepção do incômodo e exposição ao material particulado presente na atmosfera e sedimentado
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-06-30) Melo, Milena Machado de; Reisen, Valdério Anselmo; Frere, Severine; Santos, Jane Meri; Leon, Antonio Carlos Monteiro Ponce de; Lisboa, Henrique de Melo; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo Almeida
Particulate matter is an air pollutant that harms the health of humans, animals and plants, affects the climate and causes annoyance when settled on objects, materials and surfaces of common use. In metropolitan areas, particulate matter is originated mainly from industrial sources, carriers, soil suspension and construction sources by means of which the wind effects (direction and speed) promote the dispersion and sedimentation of the particles. This thesis investigates and evaluates the perception of annoyance caused by particulate matter in metropolitan and industrialized regions in order to identify the determinants of the perceived annoyance and its relation to the levels of particulate matter (PM10, PTS and Settled Particles). Data were collected through surveys conducted face-to-face and by telephone in the period 2011-2014 as well as concentration data of the measured pollutants in fixed stations monitoring air quality. Data were analysed through the application of multivariate statistical techniques, named multiple correspondence analysis, principal component analysis and both multiple and simple logistic regression. The results showed that approximately 90% of respondents reported being annoyed by air pollution, mainly by dust. Generally, the variables listed as determinants of annoyance are: importance of air quality, industrial risk perception, perception of pollution, occurrence of health problems, gender, occupation and age. The exposure versus response analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the perception of annoyance (reported by respondents) and particulate matter concentration levels (PM10, PTS and Settled Particles). This work contributes scientifically and socially in order to provide guidelines for setting a standard of air quality despite of the annoyance caused by settled particles in the area of Greater Vitoria (Brazil). Finally, by the analysis of the combined effect of pollutants, estimated values for the relative risk of annoyance showed that an increase in the particle deposition rate contributes significantly to increasing the risk of annoyance.
Cultivo de microalgas autóctones em efluente de reator anaeróbio : prospecção de cepas e efeito da taxa de diluição na produtividade de biomassa e tratamento terciário
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-10-11) Pereira, Marcos Vinicius Nogueira Lavagnoli; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; 1º membro da banca
Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment have been long recognised as suitable media for the cultivation of microalgae biomass. However, few studies report data concerning biomass productivity in continuous reactors using unsterilised wastewater effluents. This study focuses on indigenous microalgae strains that grow with native bacteria and are applicable for biomass production and tertiary wastewater treatment in continuous growth mode. Initially, seven Chlorophyta strains were isolated and grown in batch mode to single out a potential inoculum for the experiments in continuous growth mode. The isolate Chlorella sp. L06 was selected and evaluated based on six dilution rates from 0.1 to 0.6 day-1 on continuous growth reactor using unsterilised secondary effluent as culture medium. Maximal volumetric biomass productivity of 283 mg L-1 day-1 was achieved at 0.3 day-1 without CO2 addition, pH control or air bubbling. Carbohydrates were the major fraction of the dried biomass, followed by proteins and then lipids. The highest removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus from the liquid phase were 13.0 and 1.4 mg L-1 day-1 , respectively, and were obtained at 0.4 day-1 . The maximal decay rate for E. coli (2.9 day-1 ) was achieved both at 0.3 and 0.4 day-1 . Conclusively, Chlorella sp. L06 cultivation in unsterilised secondary anaerobic effluent can be adjusted depending on the objective: for biomass production, a dilution rate of approximately 0.3 day-1 is recommended; and for tertiary treatment a rate of 0.4 day-1 is suggested.
Cultivo de microalgas em efluente de tratamento anaeróbio de esgoto
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-28) Torres, Helenice Silva de Jesus; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Santos, Maria de Lourdes Florencio dos; Sousa, José Tavares de; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
The production microalgal biomass for biofuels is a promising alternative, and the use of effluent wastewater treatment is a strategy to reduce production costs utilizing available nutrients in these effluents. In this work were isolated from effluent wastewater treatment six microalgae identified as Desmodesmus sp. L02; Chlorococcum sp. L04; Coccomyxa sp. L05; Chlorella sp. L06; Scenedesmus sp. L08 and Tetradesmus sp. L09. The Chlorella sp. L06 showed survival greater than 90% in natural UASB reactor effluent (EFN). The dry biomass of isolates culturing in UASB effluent autoclaved (EFA) showed mean 28,7% of total proteins, 15,4% of the total lipids and 14,8% of total carbohydrates. After removal of micralgal biomass culturing in the laboratory by the addition of 250 mg/L of aluminum sulfate was observed removal values of 59,2% and 93% of nitrogen and 79,1 to 95,4% phosphorus by isolates Desmodesmus sp. L02 and Tetradesmus sp. L09, respectively. The Chlorella sp. L06 showed highest growthing rate based on chlorophyll-a (9.726,4 g/L.d) when culturing in EFA with addition of 0,25% NaHCO3. Operational tests were also conducted in a semi-closed plastic tubular photobioreactor (FBR-TPSF) for production of microalgal biomass in UASB effluent under natural conditions of temperature and luminosity. The highest yield of biomass, 0,17 Kg/m3 .d was recorded with tests in FRB-TPSF when worked with TDH=1d without recirculation. The dried biomass of the treatments 1d, 2d, 2dx4Q e 2dx8Q showed 25,1%, 23,3%, 11,1% and 7,7% total proteins, 13,5%, 11,0%, 10,2% and 10,5% total lipids and 9,7%, 6,8%, 13,4% and 16,5% total carbohydrates, respectively. The removal of the biomass cultivation FBR-TPSF by coagulant showed removal efficiency to phosphorus, reaching maximum value of 95,1%
Desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para simulação da dispersão de gases liberados por veículos espaciais no Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-10-11) Nascimento, Erick Giovani Sperandio; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Santos, Jane Méri; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Fisch, Gilberto Fernando; Goulart, Antônio Gledson de Oliveira
During the launch of rockets and spacecrafts, huge and hot clouds are generated near the ground level, and are composed by buoyant exhaust products, such as alumina, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. This process takes a few minutes to occur, and generally populated areas nearby the launching center may be exposed to high levels of hazardous pollutant concentrations within few minutes to less than a couple of hours. Due to the specificity of the representation of the source term – which is the rocket exhaust cloud – and since a receptor can be impacted in less than one hour, common air quality models were not designed to deal with such a unique problem. Furthermore, the cloud may be transported to farther distances and impact receptors in longer time and space scales. Thus, the launching centers around the globe, like spaceports, need to operationally assess the short and long range impacts of rocket launch events in the environment through meteorological and air quality modeling. For this end, this work presents the development of a new model called Model for Simulating the Rocket Exhaust Dispersion – MSRED. It is based on a semi analytical three dimensional solution of the advection-diffusion equation, incorporating a modern three dimensional parameterization of the atmospheric turbulence, designed to simulate the formation, rise, expansion, stabilization and dispersion of rocket exhaust clouds for short range assessment, being able to directly read meteorological data from WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model output. And, for the long range and chemical transport modelling, the MSRED was built to be integrated to the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, by generating a ready-to-use initial conditions file to be input to CMAQ. Simulations and analysis were carried out in order to evaluate the application of this integrated modeling system for different rocket launch cases and atmospheric conditions, for the Alcântara Launching Center (CLA, the Brazilian gate to the space) region. This hybrid, modern and multidisciplinary system is the basis of a modeling framework that can be operationally employed at any launching center in the world, for pre- and post-launching simulations of the environmental effects of rocket operations
Disseminação ambiental e prevalência de vírus entéricos em casos de gastroenterite aguda na população infantil da região de São Pedro, Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-11-21) Pratte-Santos, Rodrigo; Keller, Regina de Pinho; Barardi, Celia Regina; Miagostovich, Marize Pereira; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Maciel, Ethel Leonor Noia
The Vitoria Bay has an extensive mangrove receiving continuous sewage discharge. The local population does use this environment for recreational and fishing purposes. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been frequently recorded in this region, possibly due to the lack of hygienic and sanitary behaviors and the close relationship between the population and the contaminated water. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the flow of enteric viruses from surface waters of Vitoria Bay to the child population of the region. Samples of surface waters (n=48) were collected from September 2011 to August 2012. Physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity and turbidity) and microbiological (thermotolerant coliforms, Enterococci and enteric viruses) of water were evaluated. Stool samples from children with gastroenteritis (n=134) were collected from two Health Units, in the same period of water samples collection. The detection of enteric viruses (rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus) was performed by PCR. The viral nucleic acids detected were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The physico-chemical analysis of the water indicated that the dissolved oxygen measurements were in disagreement with the CONAMA Resolution n ° 357, 2005. The data of the microbiological analysis of the water showed average concentrations of Enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms ranging from 1.9 x 101 to 3.9 x 103 CFU 100 mL-1 and 1.2 x 102 to 6.5 x 103 CFU 100 mL-1 , respectively. The three enteric viruses were detected in almost all the monitoring period (34/48, 70.8%). The average concentration these viruses in the water ranged from 1.6 x 100 - 1.5 x 104 genomic copies of 100 mL-1 . The close relationship of the population of this region with contaminated water may explain the high prevalence of enteric viruses found in the pediatric population (93.3, 95% CI 87.7 to 96.4). The analysis of viral genomes demonstrated the formation of phylogenetic groups containing enteric viruses detected in water and in the population, indicating a co-circulation of these pathogens in the two matrices. In conclusion, the monitoring provided important data for future studies of public health to reduce morbidity rates and child mortality due to diarrheal diseases.
Estudo da camada limite atmosférica em regiões metropolitanas costeiras com simulações de brisa marítima
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-26) Salvador, Nadir; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Santos, Jane Meri; Goulart, Antonio Gledson Oliveira; Silva Neto, Antônio José da; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida
The main objective of this work was to identify and characterize the daily evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Great Region of Vitória (RGV), state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, and the Region of Dunkerque (RD), department of Nord Pas-de-Calais, France, evaluating the accuracy of parameterizations used in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to detect the formation and attributes of Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (CLI) formed by sea breezes. The RGV has complex relief in a coastal region of rugged topography and a chain of mountains parallel to the coast. The RD has a simple relief in a coastal region with small peaks not higher than 150 meters, all along the domain of study. To evaluate the results of the predictions made by the model, the results of two campaigns were used: one held in Dunkerque-FR, in July 2009, using a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system, sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) and a surface meteorological station (EMS) data; another one held in Vitória-BR, in July 2012, also using a LIDAR, SODAR and EMS data. The simulations were performed using three PBL parameterizations schemes, two nonlocal closure, Yonsei University (YSU) and Asymmetric Convective Model 2 (ACM2), and a local closure, Mellor Yamada Janjic (MYJ) and two land surface schemes (CLS), Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) and Noah. As per the RGV as for RD, simulations with the six possible combinations were made for the periods in which the campaigns were made, using four nested domains, with the three largest square with 1863 km, 891 km and 297 km of side dimensions, grids 27 km, 9 km and 3 km, respectively, and the study domain, with dimensions 81 km in North-South direction and 63 km in the East-West grid 1 km, with 55 vertical levels up to approximately 13,400 m, more concentrated near the ground. The results of this study showed that: a) depending on the configuration adopted, the computational effort may increase too, though without a large increase in the accuracy of the results; b) for the RD, the simulation using the MYJ and Noah parameterizations produced the best estimation for CLI. Simulations using the ACM2 and YSU parameterizations, inferred the sea breeze entry with a maximum delay of three hours; c) for the RGV, the simulation that used the YSU and Noah parameterization made the best inferences about the CLI. The results show that it is necessary to evaluate in advance the computational effort required for certain settings and the accuracy of specific sets of parameterizations for each region. The differences are associated with the ability of different parameterizations capturing surface data from global, essential information for determining the intensity of vertical turbulent mixing and surface soil temperature, suggesting that a better representation of land use is crucial to improve estimations of the CLI and other parameters as input in models of dispersion of air pollutants.
Estudo da fase gravitacional-inercial do espalhamento de óleo em mar calmo empregando o método lagrangiano de partículas smoothed particle hidrodynamics
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-15) Fraga Filho, Carlos Alberto Dutra; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Rigo, Daniel; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Maciel, Geraldo de Freitas; Morales, Rigoberto Eleazar Melgarejo
Oil spill on the sea is considered a serious environmental problem. It can occur during oil well drilling, repair and transport operations. The spreading of oil is due to the tendency of the pollutant to flow over itself. Knowledgement of oil physical properties during the spreading, like velocities and positions allows the adoption of environmental protection actions. The modelling of the physical process, due to a balance between gravitational, inertial, viscous and interfacial tension forces, started during the mid-twentieth century, when Fay adjusted curves to experimental data, considering a calm sea condition. These adjusted curves, defined for idealized theoretical conditions are still used, with some modifications. This Thesis presents the development and implementation of a purely Lagrangian meshless model, considering the fundamentals of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method for the study of the spreading of oil. A model for the collisions between the particles and boundary was implemented, with the definition of a coefficient of restitution of kinetic energy. The model was validated by using results, from the literature, for classical problems: heat diffusion on a flat plate, static tank containing an incompressible fluid and dam breaking. After model validation, it was performed the numerical simulation of the spreading of oil on calm sea conditions, in its first phase (gravitational-inertial). There was agreement between the numerical results obtained with the use of an appropriate coefficient of restitution of kinetic energy and those provided by the adjusted curve proposed by Fay, for the diameter of the oil slick at the end of the studied phase.
Estudo da transferência de massa de poluente no topo de um dossel urbano
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-09-03) Cezana, Fernanda Capucho; Goulart, Elisa Valentim; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Fisch, Gilberto Fernando; Nieckele, Angela Ourivio; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Santos, Jane Méri
The objective of this work was to investigate the mass exchange process through the top of the urban canopyby two methodologies, i.e, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation(LES).Three different configurations were usedtoobtaining the DNS data: two over a regular aligned array and one over a staggeredarray. The winddirections for the simulations over the regular array were 45º and 0º. The third simulation has a 45º forcing direction to a staggered array. In all cases buildings havethe same height and the scalar source is located withinthe urban canopy. For thealignedarray and 0º forcing direction the scalar source above the canopy was usedas well.LESsimulation was performed over astaggered array of buildings with different heights andwith different source locations. It was found that for a more realistic array of buildings (buildings with different heights)the flow and dispersion of pollutants become more complexthan they are in the case of buildings with uniform heights.It wasconclude that thevertical scalar transfer through a surface located at a meanheight ofthe obstacles is influenced by both effects turbulent and advective, whereas the turbulent component dominatesthe verticalflux throughthe top of thearray of buildings with uniform heights. Thus, the parameterization of the transfer velocity on the top of the urban canopy will be strongly influenced by different transfer process occurring on it, depending on the configuration used.
Estudo da transferência de massa por volatilização de compostos odorantes a partir de superfícies líquidas quiescentes
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-31) Lovatte, Enilene Regina; Furieri, Bruno; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Santos, Jane Meri; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Nieckele, Angela Ourivio; Goulart, Antonio Gledson Oliveira
This work aims to study the turbulent flow structures in the water near the gas-liquid interface with negligible deformation and its effects on the transfer of compounds. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with dynamical subgrid modelling was used to represent the turbulence using the FLUENT code. The fluid was considered Newtonian, incompressible isothermal. The mathematical model was validated with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data from literature. Numerical simulations were performed with Reynolds number based on the friction velocity equal to 150, 640 and 1280 and Schmidt numbers equal to 1, 200 and 580 thus allowing specific investigation of the effects of these parameters governing the mass transfer phenomenon. The validation results show that the method is appropriate in understanding the transport and turbulence structures visualization (coherent structures) that directly affect the process. Qualitative analysis of the distribution of vorticity surface divergent, scalar instantaneous concentration and scalar concentration fluctuation showed the existence of turbulent structures acting on the carriage of scalar near the free surface. The coherent turbulent structures visualized in the domain have almost longitudinal aspect, existing contra-rotative vortices that act on the formation of vertical upward and downward movements close to the interface. The influence of the Reynolds number is mainly associated with reduced thickness of the diffusive sublayer due to the increase of scalar mixing in the bulk. The turbulence statistics for different Reynolds numbers indicate consistent variations in the results of the flow and transport of the scalar due to the variation of this parameter. The thickness of the diffusive sublayer near the free surface greatly decreases in cases where the Schmidt number increases. With respect to mass transfer coefficient between the cases investigated, the maximum value was obtained for the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number equal to 1, while the corresponding simulation to the Reynolds number of 150 and Schmidt equal to 580 resulting in minimum. The intermediate values of the coefficient increase with increasing Reynolds and decrease with increasing Schmidt.
Estudo do transporte atmosférico de MP10 e SO2 com os modelos WRF/CMAQ em regiões costeiras urbanas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-01-01) Loriato, Ayres Geraldo; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Santos, Jane Meri; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Landulfo, Eduardo; Pimentel, Luiz Claudio Gomes
This work's main objective is to study atmospheric transportation of MP10 and SO2 in urban coastal areas using WRF/CMAQ modeling. Two main areas were chosen for this purpose. One is Great Vitória Area (GVA), in Espírito Santo State, Brasil; the other is Great Dunkerque Area (GDA), in Nord Pas-de-Calais, France. GVA is surrounded by a mountain range parallel to the coast, which makes its topography complex and rugged. On the other hand, GDA's topography is much smoother. Modeling inputs encompassed IEMA-ES' inventory of atmospheric pollutants emissions for GVA, and Nord Pas-de-Calais' inventory of ground level emissions named " Cadastre_totaux_3km_A2008 _M2010_V2_SNAPN2" for GDA. Both inventories showed restrictions, however. GVA's showed high traffic lanes resuspension in comparison with several studies, so those data were altered. Ground level data and large grid area (9 km2) of GDA inventory didn't allow for satisfying modeling results. Modeled results were validated by comparing them with two experimental campaigns: one performed in the city of Dunkerque, North of France, on September 2009; the other in Vitória, Southeast of Brazil, on July 2012. Experimental data were obtained through the use of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR), Surface Meteorological Stations (SMS) and atmospheric monitoring stations. Results of this work showed that: a) there is a need for continuous improvement on regional inventories of emissions, adapting them to specific local characteristics and focusing on obtaining parameters required for photochemical modeling; b) the direction and magnitude of velocity vectors obtained from meteorological modeling have a high impact on pollutant concentrations modeling; c) air quality in both GVA and GDA deserve attention, especially regarding MP10 concentrations. Based on monitoring stations data, the situation seems more critical in GDA; d) modeling in GVA was better than in GDA according to validation results; e) sea breeze inflow caused significant alteration on pollutants concentration, which was observed analyzing MP10 and SO2 dispersion dynamics. This phenomenon was more distinctive in GVA, where the sea breeze caused an oscillatory motion on the pollution plume, moving it to the urban agglomeration most densely populated neighborhoods. In GDA, sea breeze inflow wasn`t a daily phenomenon, and on the day when it occurred there was a change of almost 180º in the pollution plume direction of movement. In addition to vertical turbulence increase, which has already been studied by many authors, this study also focus on influence of sea-breeze of plume dynamics effects on dispersing atmospheric pollutants in coastal areas.
Estudo numérico do sloshing utilizando o método smoothed particle hydrodynamics
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-03-12) Barbosa, Danilo de Almeida; Piccoli, Fábio Pavan; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Buarque, Diogo Costa; Teixeira, Edmilson Costa; Morales, Rigoberto Eleazar Melagarejo; Moreira, Roger Matsumoto
The increasing exploitation of offshore oil and consequent increase in the number of FPSO platforms and vessels to transport this fluid requires increasing attention to the effects produced by the free surface oscillation in transport tanks and storage of liquid petroleum and liquefied gas. In this thesis, a study on the impacts on the sidewalls of rectangular containers provoked by sloshing is proposed. The lagrangian free-particle method known as SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS-SPH, which in its genuine form makes use of the force from the Lennard-Jones potential to keep the particles inside the domain was applied. Contributions to the method were also performed, such as the alteration in the search system of neighboring particles; proposal of a relation between the number of virtual particles and smoothing length; and pointing to an "optimal number" of contour particles. Besides the control of the correction parameters that allowed to reduce the processing time. However, the most relevant contribution was the creation of a new contour treatment technique using the COULOMB FORCE, which proved to be more robust than the classical technique (Lennard-Jones). The mathematical modeling passed through the equations of mass conservation and conservation of linear momentum. With this, two-dimensional simulations with different geometries were made and after identification of the causes and effects produced by sloshing, suppression mechanisms were installed inside the tanks. For validation of the models, three experimental tests were carried out by different authors, two of whom simulated the behavior of tanks under the action of horizontal forces on a reduced scale, and a third the movement of pitch with the tank on an inverted pendulum platform. The quantitative data of the hydrodynamic pressure were collected by transducers installed on the walls of the containers. The tests followed with baffles of two different heights and with arrow-shaped deflectors acting as fins. All baffles were effective in reducing normal stresses, however, those in the arrow shape presented higher than standard vertical baffles, indicating that adequate morphology may reduce sloshing damage.
Formação e transporte de material particulado na região metropolitana da Grande Vitória/ES : utilização e avaliação de desempenho do Modelo CMAQ
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-31) Santiago, Alexandre Magalhães; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Santos, Jane Meri; Moreira, Davidson Martins; Landulfo, Eduardo; Pimentel, Luiz Claudio Gomes
This study aimed to evaluate the formation and transport of particulate matter in the Metropolitan Area of Greater Vitória (RMGV) using The Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ). In particular, it was investigated how particulate material respond to changes in vehicle and industrial sources emission. During winter 2012 (22-31 of July) an experimental campaign was conducted with a LIDAR to characterize the behavior of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (CLA) and a SODAR to measure the vertical structure of the atmosphere in RMGV. Also data collected by weather and air quality stations in the region were used to validate the numerical results. Three-dimensional meteorological fields were modeled using meteorological model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) in version 3.4.1 during the period 15-31 July 2012. There was four scenarios with nested grid resolution of 27 kilometers (70 × 70 cells), 9 km (100 x 100 cells), 3 km (100 x 100 cells), 1 km (120 x 120 cells) and all with 21 vertical levels. For the simulations with the CMAQ it was used the 1km domain resolution with 79 x 61 cells, which covers the towns of Cariacica, Laranjeiras, Serra, Viana, Vila Velha and Vitória. The simulations with the CMAQ model were conducted from 22nd to 31st July, 2012 (240 hours). The SMOKE model was applied to build an inventory of emissions, spatially and temporally resolved to RMGV using the official state inventory emissions. The air quality simulations used measured concentrations as initial and boundary conditions. AERO4 and Carbon Bond V options available in version 4.6 of CMAQ model were used for description of the aerosol processes, chemistry of aqueous and gaseous phase. Three different scenarios were simulated: considering the current emission inventory (base case), considering the exclusion of sources of vehicle emissions (scenario 1) and considering the exclusion of industrial emissions (scenario 2). The results show maximum values of particle concentration at Ponta de Tubarão due to the industrial zone, however, it was clear the vehicle influence in the region. The PM10 concentration reduced in relation to the base case and the two emission reduction scenarios, 85% and 24% for Laranjeiras, 82% and 25% for Enseada and 89% and 23% for Cariacica, in the absence vehicle emissions and without the presence of industrial emissions, respectively. PM2.5 concentration was reduced, in relation to the base case, to approximately 75.4% and 19.4% for Laranjeiras, 74.5% and 19.9% for Enseada and 79.1% and 7.8% for Cariacica without the presence of vehicle emissions and without the presence of industrial emissions, respectively. Modeled results have shown that the carbonaceous fraction of the RMGV particulate material is approximately 60% of the total mass of MP10, then the modeled scenarios of suppression of major source caused greatest impact on the concentration of organic and elemental carbon concentrations than the sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentration which were very small in the base case and remained without significant changes. These results reinforce the necessity to update the inventory of emission sources of RMGV, which considers the vehicular source as the main source of MP in the region. Policies control of MP concentration must consider the role of organic aerosols and the elemental carbon, as these represent the largest fraction of the total mass of MP10

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