Doutorado em Engenharia Ambiental
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- ItemVigilância ambiental de Sars-cov-2 em matrizes ambientais na região da Grande Vitória – ES(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-02-21) Costa, Gizely Azevedo; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Keller, Regina de Pinho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1765455668560897; Kaminador, Diogo Costa Buarque; Damasceno, Daniele; Sato, Maria Inês Zanoli; Razzolini, Maria Tereza PepeThe discovery of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19 marked the year 2020. The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to the declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020. The world faced one of the greatest public health challenges due to the high transmission rate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the large number of asymptomatic individuals transmitting the virus. Due to mild or no symptoms, many asymptomatic individuals were not included in traditional clinical data, which led to underreporting of cases and made it difficult to assess the true spread of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in environmental matrices, including sewage, which allowed the adoption of complementary strategies for monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2, making the use of complementary tools such as downstream wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), and a viable alternative capable of predicting early outbreaks and providing reliable data. This study aimed to analyze the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in environmental samples of raw sewage and sludge, correlating viral load data (CG/L) with cases of COVID-19 reported by the health department in the Greater Vitória region - ES, Brazil. The study methodology consisted of collecting sewage and sludge samples from different locations: group (a) sewage treatment plants (STPs) and three urban surface channels, between January 2021 and February 2022, and group (b) sludge from an upflow anaerobic reactor (UASB) at ETE Araçás, in Vila Velha/ES, between October 2023 and August 2024. To detect viral RNA, the concentration method proposed by Katayama et al. (2002) was used, followed by RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated high positivity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in all matrices: 87.2% (75/86) in urban channels, 85.3% (70/82) in STPs and 80% in UASB sludge samples. Viral RNA concentrations ranged from 1.59 x 10⁴ to 2.56 x 10⁴ GC/L in urban channels and from 7.79 x 10³ to 1.26 x 10⁴ GC/L in STPs. A moderate to strong correlation was identified between viral load and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the populations served by the canal basin and STPs monitored in Greater Vitória/ES, with the highest values found in urban channels (Channel 1: r = 0.58; Channel 2: r = 0.78; Channel 3: r = 0.86). This study was one of the pioneers in establishing the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in different matrices, raw sewage and sludge, in the Greater Vitória/ES region. Urban surface channels showed higher viral concentration and better correlation with epidemiological data compared to STPs, standing out as alternative and viable points for monitoring SARS-CoV-2, especially in regions with poor sanitation. Additionally, the high detection of viral RNA in sludge reaffirms its potential as a complementary tool in tracking viral spread in wastewater treatment environments.
- ItemÍndice de segurança do abastecimento de água para comunidades rurais(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-12-18) Trindade, Priscilla Basilio Cardoso Barros; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-5737; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; Keller, Regina Pinho; Oliveira, Mariângela Dutra de; Machado, Anna Virgínia MunizRural areas receive less investment in sanitation than urban areas, and there is also a lack of monitoring, maintenance, training, and management in these regions. The ability to summarize indexes facilitates communication among users and is therefore an important tool in planning, management, and decision-making processes. This study developed the Rural Water Supply Security Index (ISAAR) with the help of a literature review and consultation with experts in the field using the Delphi method. The objective of ISAAR is to assist managers and decision-makers in assessing water security in rural areas, considering dimensions that include the watershed, health, sewage, solid waste, water quality, frequency of water supply, and management. ISAAR was applied to rural communities in Espírito Santo, Piauí, and Ceará, in addition to simulations of hypothetical scenarios to verify the behavior of the index. The results reflected the reality of the communities analyzed, and the simulations allowed us to verify that the dimensions and their weights were adequate in the index. ISAAR can be used as a tool to assess the safety of treated water in rural communities and also to demonstrate and synthesize assessments to identify factors that have potential for improvement considering the seven dimensions that comprise it.
- ItemRastreamento e prevalência de salmonella sp. na cadeia produtiva da pimenta-do-reino (piper nigrum) no Espírito Santo(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-09-20) Vinha, Mariana Barboza; Nascimento, Maristela da Silva do; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1791-0361; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-3666; https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3314-7896; Keller, Regina de Pinho; Silveira, Daniele Damasceno; Oliveira, Jairo Pinto de; Ventura, José AiresContamination of black pepper with Salmonella is a frequent problem in retail and imported shipments. However, there is scarce information about the prevalence of the pathogen in the initial stages of black pepper production chain. This study sought to bridge this gap in research by determining the prevalence, as well as quantifying, and identifying the main Salmonella serovars present during black pepper primary production and processing. Black pepper (233) and environmental (175) samples were collected from farms (354) and processing plants (54) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The pathogen was detected in soil (16.7%), drying waste (20.4%), fallen berries (3.7%), threshed berries (14.3%), and dried peppercorns (22.2%) collected from farms. Salmonella was also detected in samples of raw material (11.1%), export products (16.7%), and processing waste (16.7%) collected from processing plants. A total of 12 serotypes were identified, and Salmonella Javiana showed the highest prevalence (38.8%). According to the results, contaminations can occur during black pepper harvest and post-harvest, increase or persist throughout post-harvest and remain in the grains produced on rural properties. The processing performed by exporting companies did not eliminate or reduce these contaminations to a safe level, resulting in contamination of the product intended for export The presence of the pathogen in the environment increases the risk of contamination of the fruits and pepper grains during processing. However, this risk can be reduced by improving hygiene practices during processing and by adopting Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). To ensure product safety, it is essential to prevent contaminations and to make changes to the current production process, including the implementation of treatments that reduce and control contamination. Public policies aimed at improving rural sanitation, promoting the adoption of GAP, and advancing processing technologies are crucial for driving the necessary changes that will ensure the safety of black pepper produced in Espírito Santo.
- ItemEfeitos da remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal do inóculo e digestato líquido na produção de energia e estabilidade da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentares(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-09-02) Assis, Tatiana Izato; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-1750; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Keller, Regina Pinho ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Nariyoshi, Yuri Nascimento ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Queiroz, Luciano Matos ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Borges, Raquel Machado ; http://lattes.cnpq.br/This thesis investigates the valorization of food waste through anaerobic digestion, focusing on process optimization for biomethane production. The collected food waste exhibited a low C/N ratio (10.1 to 14.9). Therefore, a strategy for excess N removal was adopted. Initially, the study focused on ammonia removal from the inoculum (digestate) through volatilization and chemical precipitation of struvite, aiming to balance the nutrients by improving the C/N ratio and consequently biogas production. The treatment that used pH 8.7 and a molar ratio of Mg:PO₄ ³⁻ of 1:1 achieved the highest biomethane production (466.5 mL CH₄/gSV), representing a 74% increase compared to the control, with 94% biodegradability. Ammonia removal increased the process C/N ratio by up to 27.3%, enhancing energy recovery. Finally, a new operational strategy for reactors was evaluated, involving the recirculation of liquid digestate after nitrogen removal by volatilization and struvite precipitation. The condition with pH 9.5 and a molar ratio of Mg:PO₄ ³⁻ of 1:1 resulted in the removal of 45.5% of total ammoniacal nitrogen and 65.5% of free ammoniacal nitrogen, with improvements in alkalinity and organic matter removal (COD, VS, and TS) by 97%, 95%, and 91%, respectively. This strategy allowed for a reduction in the hydraulic retention time of the reactor, accelerating the stabilization of organic matter. The energy balance for the reactor with an HRT of 30 days was positive at 7.0 kWh/t of food waste. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that anaerobic digestion of food waste can be optimized through ammonia removal and liquid digestate recirculation, promoting a more sustainable and efficient management of this waste
- ItemParticles emission and transport due to wind erosion on beds and stockpiles : local and non-local aspects of turbulent fluid flow dynamics(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-05-03) Morais, Cristina Lima de; Furieri, Bruno ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-0250; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585455298349085; Caliman, Maria Clara Schuwartz Ferreira ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9323-5041; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9245815665956760; Harion, Jean-Luc ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-9146; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Co-orientador4; ID do co-orientador4; Lattes do co-orientador4; Santos, Jane Meri ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-2849; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0120226021957540; Orientador2; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4557-9952; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3583322289076958; Albuquerque, Taciana Toledo de Almeida ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-0283; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339985577872129; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-4063; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4944106074149720; Nieckele, Angela Ourivio ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4836-8931; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6935503527357767; Sartim, Rafael ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-2027; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0380809249444032; 5º membro da banca; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; 6º membro da banca; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; 7º membro da banca; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of particle behavior in both local and non-local contexts. We analyze the influence of different configurations of successive stockpiles on the re-emission potential of particles from their surroundings using the USEPA model. This analysis is important for industries that store granular materials in open yards, as it helps to understand the impact of stockpile arrangements on particle emission. However, the USEPA model relies on an empirical equation and has gaps in its consideration of non-erodible particles and their effects on turbulent structures. Additionally, the friction velocity distribution used in the model is derived from previous RANS numerical simulations, which may not be the most accurate. Moving from a non-local to a local perspective, we assess the influence of non erodible particles on the development of fluid flow structures at the particle level. We examine the role of turbulent structures in particle entrainment through LES simulations, which provide detailed information about the flow field. These simulations allowed us to generate probability density distributions of friction velocity for smooth and rough beds, which can be used to improve or develop more accurate environmental stochastic prediction models. Finally, we evaluate the similarity requirements of wind flow, particle entrainment, and particle transport in wind tunnel experiments to ensure they accurately represent real-scale scenarios. By addressing these similarity requirements, we discuss the conditions under which wind tunnel experiments can reliably simulate real conditions, which is essential for the future applicability of our findings