Análise epidemiológica da Covid-19 em indígenas aldeados do Espírito Santo
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Data
2025-09-24
Autores
Siqueira, Priscila Carminati
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Introduction: Indigenous peoples are more vulnerable to illness and death from COVID 19, since infectious and parasitic diseases rank among the main causes of mortality in these populations, especially when compared to other ethnic and racial groups. This vulnerability is intensified by their collective way of life, cultural traditions that favor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within communities, as well as social inequalities, difficulties in accessing health services, and the geographic locations of the villages. General objective: To analyze the epidemiology of COVID-19 among the Indigenous population living in villages in the state of Espírito Santo, from 2020 to 2024. Methods: This thesis is structured in the form of four scientific manuscripts, each with a specific objective. Accordingly, each manuscript adopts its own methodological procedures, which together comprise the overall research results and are presented in detail in the individual description of each product. Results: The scoping review initially identified 2,224 studies, resulting in a final sample of 47 publications. The countries with the largest number of studies were the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, with a concentration in 2021 (42.6%). A higher number of deaths was observed among Indigenous males over 60 years of age. The most prevalent comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Incidence and mortality rates were higher among Indigenous peoples compared to other racial groups. The completeness analysis of COVID-19 notification forms for Indigenous villagers in Espírito Santo in 2020 showed “excellent” completeness (65.3%), although “very poor” completeness was found in 19.2% of the evaluated items, indicating that some variables in the forms had low data recording quality. The epidemiological profile analysis of the Indigenous population in Espírito Santo from 2020 to 2024 showed a cumulative incidence rate of 30,860.07 per 100,000 inhabitants, mortality rate of 118.09 per 100,000 inhabitants, and a case fatality rate of 0.38%. The highest concentration of COVID-19 cases in this population occurred in 2022, with a downward trend in the following years. Women (55.74%) and Tupiniquim individuals (92.28%) predominated, with the age group of 18–59 years (65.05%) and a mean age of 31.5 years. Deaths occurred in individuals aged ≥18 years, being more frequent among those aged ≥80 years (13.64%, p<0.001), with a mean age at death of 74 years. The highest incidences were recorded in the villages of Pau Brasil, Boa Esperança, and Caieiras Velha. The villages of Guaxindiba, Novo Brasil, and Olho d’Água reported no cases of the disease. The highest mortality and case fatality rates occurred in the village of Areal (395.25 per 100,000 inhabitants; 3.84%). Conclusion: Indigenous peoples present a complex and dynamic health profile, directly related to historical processes of social, economic, and environmental change, linked to the expansion and consolidation of demographic and economic frontiers of society across different regions of Brazil. Over the centuries, these frontiers have exerted significant influence on the determinants of Indigenous health, whether through the introduction of new pathogens causing severe epidemics, the usurpation of territories hindering or preventing subsistence, or the persecution and killing of individuals and even entire communities. Currently, other challenges to Indigenous health have emerged, such as chronic non-communicable diseases, environmental contamination, and food sustainability difficulties. Therefore, it is essential to implement public policies aimed at controlling risk factors within communities, expanding access to health services, and strengthening vaccination campaigns, in order to prevent new outbreaks of COVID-19 and other vaccine-preventable diseases in the villages
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Povos indígenas , COVID-19 , Epidemiologia , Indigenous peoples , COVID-19 , Epidemiology