Prevenção da mastite bovina: intervenção extensionista no contexto da saúde única junto aos produtores de leite da região do Caparaó-ES
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Data
2025-02-26
Autores
Lacerda, Enrico Mariano Fioresi
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Bovine mastitis is the most prevalent disease in dairy herds, leading to significant economic losses due to reduced milk production and increased treatment costs. It affects animal health and compromises milk quality. Given these concerns, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of mastitis in the Caparaó-ES region by identifying risk factors associated with its occurrence, determining the main etiological agents, and evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, while also proposing strategies for its prevention and control. To achieve this, a diagnostic questionnaire on Good Production Practices was administered in ten dairy farms, and the Dark Bottom Cup Test and California Mastitis Test (CMT) were conducted to screen for clinical and subclinical mastitis. Bulk tank milk samples were collected for compositional analysis, detection of antimicrobial residues, somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), and psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC). Milk composition was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, while SCC and antimicrobial residues were assessed with commercial test kits. Milk samples from infected quarters were cultured on selective media for bacterial growth, subjected to biochemical tests for species differentiation, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results indicated that most farms were associated with cooperatives and used bulk tanks for milk storage; however, they faced challenges in mastitis management and milk quality. Although all farms performed pre dipping, 30% did not implement post-dipping, and proper segregation of infected animals was lacking in 30% of the farms. Veterinary assistance was limited, with 40% of farms lacking specialized support, and water quality was a critical concern, as some farms showed microbial contamination. High SCC levels were observed in 60% of samples, and deviations in pH, non-fat solids, and density parameters indicated compromised milk quality, exacerbated by high bacterial counts, particularly mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria. The presence of antimicrobial residues was detected in 20% of the properties, with residues identified in the tank milk samples, posing a risk for antimicrobial resistance. Subclinical mastitis was more prevalent (44.2%) than clinical mastitis (1.8%), with farm-level prevalence varying significantly (up to 77.8%), and lower rates observed in farms with stricter hygiene and milking control practices. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus spp. (83%), Corynebacterium spp. (8,5%), and Enterobacterales (7,3%), with variations in antimicrobial susceptibility. High sensitivity was observed for gentamicin, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin, whereas aztreonam and ceftazidime showed higher resistance rates. These findings emphasize the necessity of preventive measures, such as stringent hygiene protocols, continuous monitoring, and prudent antimicrobial use, to mitigate the impact of mastitis on dairy production and One Health.
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Mastite bovina , Qualidade do leite , Resistência aos antimicrobianos