Avaliação das metodologias para estimar exposição e dose inalada em poluição do ar
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Data
2025-04-04
Autores
Machado, Raí Silvério
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Air pollution poses significant risks to human health, especially to children due to their immature immune systems and developing lungs. Accurate monitoring of air pollutant concentrations is vital for health impact studies. Fixed-site monitoring stations (FSM) are mostly used for this purpose in the literature, but they may not be effective in capturing exposure information due to limitations regarding variations between outdoor and indoor environments. This study evaluated seven methodologies to estimate personal exposure in four neighborhoods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), and three methodologies to assess the inhaled dose for NO2, SO2, O3, and particulate matter with particle sizes smaller than 10 micrometers and smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively). Data sources include FSM stations, regulatory air quality models (CMAQ and CALPUFF), and direct measurements using passive samplers (PS). To improve the estimates, a correction factor (indoor-outdoor ratio [I/O]) was also applied. The seven approaches evaluated for exposure were: (i) direct measurement using PS, (ii) FSM data only, (iii) FSM data with I/O correction, (iv) CMAQ model data only, (v) CMAQ with I/O correction, (vi) CALPUFF model data only, and (vii) CALPUFF with I/O correction, while for dose, only those that considered I/O correction were evaluated. The results obtained indicate that FSM data with I/O correction provided the most accurate exposure estimates for NO2 and SO2 , improving the FAC2 metric from 46% to 63% by excluding out-of-bounds data. For O3, both the FSM model and CMAQwere the most effective methods. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of FSM data corrected by I/O ratios for personal exposure assessments. However, the CMAQ model also showed improved accuracy by integrating I/O correction, which may be a more cost-effective method for locations where FSM data are not available. Among all methods, the CALPUFF model was the least effective method for personal exposure and inhaled dose assessments. The inhaled dose results indicated advantages in using models due to their ability to capture spatial variability that FMS cannot. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for indoor exposure and selecting appropriate data sources when estimating both personal exposure and inhaled dose for air pollutants.
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Estação de monitoramento , Modelos de dispersão , Dose inalada