Formação, transformação e caracterização das favelas e comunidades urbanas da cidade de São Mateus, ES
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Data
2025-06-13
Autores
Santos, Rafael da Silva
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
This research addresses urban precariousness in the favelas and urban communities of São Mateus, located in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo, thus approaching the issue within the context of a medium-sized city. The municipality ranks first in the northern region and sixth in the state in number of favelas and communities, totaling 28 units that concentrate 18.79% of its population. A lack of academic studies on the favelas of São Mateus in the field of architecture and urbanism was observed, a gap that reinforced the need to understand these territories based on their local specificities. The historical trajectory of the municipality has been marked by phases of economic contraction and dynamism, from the colonial period to contemporary urbanization, with structural transformations in the urban space observed from the 1960s onward, a period characterized by intensified industrialization in northern Espírito Santo. In this context, population density and unplanned urban expansion increased, contributing to the formation of various territories excluded from official urban planning and public investment. Thus, the research focused on the favelas and urban communities of São Mateus from the 1960s onward, guided by the following questions: When and how were these favelas and communities formed? What socioeconomic, political, and technical factors and agents contributed to their formation and transformation? Which favelas present greater urban and housing precariousness? What types of precariousness are observed? These questions led to the general objective of describing, analyzing, and discussing the formation and transformations of the favelas and urban communities of São Mateus, and characterizing them in terms of urban precariousness, where applicable. A multi methodological approach was adopted, combining historical-geographical and quali quantitative methods. The former was employed to understand the processes of formation and transformation of the favelas, based on documentary research, cartographic analysis, and interviews with residents. The latter was applied to characterize urban precariousness through the analysis of census data from 2010 and 2022, represented in thematic maps and graphs. The results pointed to the production of an urban space marked by inequality and the marginalization of a historically neglected population, resulting from the combined actions of different agents, including the industrial sector — especially forestry and oil extraction —, the real estate market, the State, and the excluded social groups themselves. The role of urban policies and housing programs in this context is also discussed, such as the Municipal Master Plan (PDM) and the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), in the early 21st century. In turn, the analysis of urban precariousness enabled reflection on the multiple forms of inequality present in the urban space of São Mateus and their articulation with dynamics of socio-spatial segregation, as well as the insertion of favelas in this context. By discussing the formation and precariousness of favelas in the context of a medium sized city, the research provides relevant contributions to understanding the urban reality of São Mateus and sheds light on historically marginalized territories.
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Comunidades urbana , Precariedade urbana , Segregação socioespacial