A (homo)parentalidade vivenciada em diferentes contextos: um estudo com famílias brasileiras e portuguesas
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Data
2023-03-31
Autores
Biasutti, Carolina Monteiro
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
This research aimed to understand and describe, from an adult point of view, the experience of parenting exercised by same-sex couples in two different contexts, in Brazil and Portugal, considering the factors that promote development for the Bioecological Theory of Human Development (TBDH). This theory holds that it is in the family microsystem that the individual establishes his first significant relationships and it is through reciprocal, frequent and continuous interactions, called proximal processes, that the individual develops. Thus, in parenting, the proximal processes established between adults and children promote the development of both. For this theory, among other factors, the macrosystem, the context in which values, culture and beliefs are present, influences the occurrence of proximal processes. Therefore, it is relevant to study how parenting is organized and experienced in different contexts. In order to cover the proposed objectives, this research was composed of two studies. The first study was an integrative review that aimed to analyze and systematize the knowledge produced about the parenting by same-sex couples in the Brazilian and Portuguese contexts by the year 2019. We sought to describe the main topics addressed in scientific production, in empirical articles in both countries, and to highlight advances and/or gaps in discussions. The searched databases were: LILACS, Redalyc, RCAAP, PePSIC, SciELO and EBSCOhost. The searches took place in 2020, with a total of seven descriptors in Portuguese and their respective translations into English, resulting in 17 different search combinations. 53 articles were retrieved: 35 Brazilian, 17 Portuguese and 1 Luso-Brazilian. Patterns in the scientific production on the subject were observed, and the material was analyzed qualitatively through Thematic Analysis. All selected articles had a cross-sectional design, with a prevalence of qualitative studies in Brazil and quantitative studies in Portugal. The first thematic axis organized extracts on the Conceptions of other groups on aspects involving same-sex parenting, organized into two subthemes: Conceptions of different groups on same-sex parenting; and Conceptions of other groups about the development of the child in the same-sex family. The second thematic axis brought together excerpts on the experiences of families of lesbian/gay/bisexual (LGB) people, with and without children, organized into five sub-themes: Desire, project, and path chosen to achieve parenthood; Experiences associated with parenting in LGB families with children; Importance of legal/legal aspects; Relationship of families with different contexts: Support X Prejudice; and Coping modes. It was verified, in both countries, the desire, the realization and the experience of parenting, the challenges faced by the families and the parental practices exercised with the children, as well as the low social support and the confrontation of prejudices related to lgbphobia. Although the conceptions about parenting exercised by same-sex couples and its benefits for child development were positive for a large portion of the Brazilian and Portuguese population, negative conceptions were very present in both countries, especially among older people, men, religious and more conservative. The second study departs from a qualitative perspective, with the objective of investigating, from the perspective of mothers, the interactions between mothers and sons/daughters, analyzing the experiences lived by women, in families formed by couples of the same sex, in the micro, meso, exo and macrosystems, based on the factors that promote the development of the Person-Process-Context-Time model, TBDH and family resilience. More specifically, the objective was to know and describe the experience of parenting and interactions established in these families, through parenting practices and interactions between mothers and children in families of same-sex couples in the Brazilian context and in the Portuguese context; identify the participants' evaluation regarding their insertion in different contexts, such as school, extended family and society in general, as well as the challenges and confrontations present in these interactions; and learn how the participants understand the adjustment of their families to the sociocultural issues of the country they live in, identifying relationships between micro and macrosystems. Nine Brazilian women and eight Portuguese women, members of five Brazilian families and five Portuguese families, with sons/daughters aged nine or less, inserted in the school/nursery context and who exercised parenting together with their partner since the birth of the children. The instrument used for data collection was a semi-structured interview script, applied individually, built for the investigation based on in the Bioecological Theory and in the phenomena of interest. The collected information was fully transcribed and analyzed qualitatively with the proposal of Thematic Analysis. The material was organized and analyzed, based on four main themes: 1) Proximal processes and interactions in the family microsystem; 2) Mesosystem: Interaction of the family microsystem with the original family microsystems and with the children's school; 3) The experience and understanding of same-sex parenting in the broader social context; 4) Repercussions of the Macrosystem: Reflections on heteronormativity and the social acceptance of family diversity. It was verified that, through proximal processes, identified in interactions engaged and frequent, the participants described the strengthening and complexification of parent-child interactions, expanding parental resources, skills and competences over time, which contributed to the development of mothers and children in interaction. It was verified, from the parental project, the development of new skills, adjustments in the relationship between the couple, changes in routine and division of tasks, in addition to affective investment in interactions and care practices with children. These results point to the quality of interactions and proximal processes established between mothers/children in the microsystem familiar. According to Hoghughi's parenting model, characteristics and skills related to the group of prerequisites (motivation; knowledge and understanding; resources; and opportunity) and parenting activities that corresponded to the dimensions of care were identified. (physical, emotional and social), control and development, meeting children's basic needs, promoting child well-being and preventing adversities. It was identified that most of the challenges experienced were related to social interactions in other contexts, with emphasis on inverse proximal processes experienced both by children, in the school environment, both by the participants, especially in the families of origin. Macrosocial policies and attitudes were found to influence attitudes and interactions with people in more proximal contexts. A pronounced difference between the two countries referred to the Brazilian political climate, which potentiated the occurrence of expressions of prejudice in micros, meso, exo and macrosystem and impacted the well-being of the participants. The process of politicization of the participants regarding the heteronormative culture and the awareness of the processes of minority stress that impacted family well-being, and the use of resources and coping strategies by family members. The lgbphobia processes experienced in the microsystems in which the participants were or were inserted had a greater impact on individual and family well-being, such as bullying that occurred in the school environment and lgbphobia experienced in the microsystem of the family of origin. In front of the construction of parental project started together, it was concluded that the families had stable, engaged and frequent, bidirectional parent-child proximal processes, motivation and commitment in establishing behaviors adequate to the children's needs, and indicators of family resilience processes, thriving despite the adversities and vulnerabilities experienced.
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Palavras-chave
Parentalidade , Famílias , Famílias de minorias sexuais , Minorias sexuais , Cultura , Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano