Consumo de sal e sua relação com a pressão arterial em populações indígenas
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Data
2024-03-10
Autores
Porto, Aline Silva
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Introduction: Diets high in sodium/salt can increase blood pressure. However, the pressure increase per gram of dietary salt shows significant differences among populations. Objective: To determine the consumption of salt, sodium, and potassium and their relationship with blood pressure in the indigenous population living in the villages of Aracruz, Espírito Santo. Methods: The doctoral project was structured in the format of three original papers and a literature review. Data collection in the indigenous population was conducted in two phases: the first in 2003 and the most recent in 2020-2022. Data from the general population of Vitória, studied in the MONICA-OMS/Vitória Project in 1999-2000, served as a comparison parameter. The studies were approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Health Sciences Center at UFES. Results: The first manuscript is an integrative literature review on salt consumption in different populations. The second manuscript compares the impact of salt consumption in the urban population of Vitória and the indigenous people of Aracruz, with salt consumption estimated from the sodium excretion in 12-hour urine samples collected at night in both surveys. Only individuals not using antihypertensive medications were included in the analysis. The estimated salt consumption was high in both populations, higher among the indigenous (12.8 ± 5.7 g/day vs. 11.8 ± 5.9 g/day; p<0.01). Data from two collected databases (between 1999-2004) were used to compare salt consumption (12-hour urinary excretion) and its relationship with blood pressure in two populations, one with a representative sample from Vitória (ES) (n = 1,279) and the indigenous population of Aracruz (ES) (n = 526). High salt consumption was found in both populations (12.8 ± 5.7 g/day vs. 11.8 ± 5.9 g/day; even higher in the indigenous population, P<0.01). The slope of systolic blood pressure in indigenous people in the multivariate analysis showed that the salt consumption, age, and BMI explained 27% and 21% of the systolic and diastolic BP variability in the indigenous group. However the strongest predictor of both systolic and diastolic BP was the body adiposity. The third manuscript used data from indigenous populations collected in 2022, which sought to reassess salt consumption (casual urine) and its relationship with blood pressure (n = 800). The average salt consumption was 10 g/day. The variability of systolic pressure after adjustment for age, BMI, and salt was 24%. The fourth manuscript aimed to identify the sodium and potassium consumption profile, totaling 1,048 indigenous participants, and found very high values for salt consumption (10 g/day) and very low values for potassium consumption (1.8 g/day). Additionally, unsatisfactory diet quality was found for the indigenous community (Na+/K+=3.8).Conclusion: Salt consumption is high in both populations and appears to be associated with blood pressure, particularly systolic pressure. The diet quality of the indigenous populations is poor and requires government public health policies focused on food and nutrition to reduce the development of cardiovascular diseases in this population
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Sal , Pressão arterial , Urina casual , Urina 12h , Populações indígenas , Salt , Blood pressure , Casual urine , 12h Urine , Indigenous populations