Doutorado em Biologia Animal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17508

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2009
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019). Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://cienciasbiologicas.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBAN/detalhes-do-curso?id=56

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A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Cariologia e filogenia molecular em Trinomys e Proechimys (Echimyidae, Rodentia)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-22) Machado, Marianna Xavier; Fagundes, Valéria; Paresque, Roberta; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Tosta, Wander Calmon; Carmignotto, Ana Paula
The family Echimyidae Gray, 1825 is the most diverse of the neotropical rodents, being a good example of rapid ecological and phenotypic diversification throughout the evolutionary history. The taxonomic history is confused, with several generic names proposed and others abandoned. However, recent works involving morphometric and phylogenetic studies have clarified the relationships between family members and also the karyotypes has been helpful to the diagnosis of the species. Within the Echimyidae family, Proechimysis the most complex genus. For about a century, it was divided into two subgenres: Trinomysrestricted to the Atlantic Forest and Proechimysdistributed from Honduras to the south of Paraguay. Only in 1996, based on studies with mitochondrial DNA sequences, Trinomyswas elevated to gender. Trinomys, in turn, is treated as one of the most complex genera in eastern Brazil. The karyotype data present in the literature have revealed that the genera Proechimysand Trinomysharbor a greater diversity of taxa than is recognized, revealing the need for an investigation using tools with good discriminatory power. The present work aimed to compile, reinterpret and determine the karyotype diversity of Trinomysand Proechimys, associating karyotypes to the geographic distribution and, through phylogenies generated by DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, associates clades and karyotypes. The first chapter addresses a study of molecular phylogeny and cytotaxonomy of Trinomys, in which karyotypes and sequences of 62 new specimens were added tothose available in the literature to recover molecular phylogenies using the citB and vWF genes, in order to evaluate if the karyotype is a good marker for the diagnosis of taxa. The karyotypes of T. paratusand T. setosus denigratuswere described for the first time. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the concatenated data recovered ten evolutionary lineages with high support, each associated to a Trinomysspecies. The karyotypes associated with each clade were distinct from each other, with no sharing ofkaryotype forms among species. Identical karyotypes, together with the absence of monophyletic and low values of genetic divergence, do not support the division of T. gratiosusinto two subspecies (T. g. gratiosus and T. g. bonafidei), as well as T. albispinus(T. a. minorand T. a. albispinus). However, we confirmed the three subspecies for T. setosus: T. s. setosus, T. s. elegansand T. s. denigratus, recovering the status of a valid subspeciesfor denigratus. Thus, the results obtained reinforce the importance of karyotype data in the characterization of Trinomysspecies. The second chapter investigates the karyotype variation in a new species of Proechimysfrom the 11goeldiigroup, and analyzed the karyotypes and mitochondrial DNA sequences of two specimens, one with 2n=15 and one with 2n=17, and reconstructed the molecular phylogeny with several representatives of Proechimys, aiming to find evidences to identify the mechanism of karyotype evolution and the phylogenetic position of these specimens in the genus Proechimys. It was verified that the specimens with 2n=15 and 2n=17 recovered a monophyletic clade within the goeldii speciesgroup, with low intraclade divergence (2,26%), distinct from P. goeldiiand P. longicaudatus, with interclade divergence of 12,78% and 12,06%, respectively. Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, in which the karyotype variation is due to a multiple sex determination system of type XX: XY1Y2, with 2n = 17 exclusive to males, our data associated with reinterpretation and analysis of all karyotypic data available in the literature, confirmed that this is an autosomal rearrangement, present in both sexes, and that the karyotype with 2n=17 would be resulted of a fusion/fission process of pairs 1 and 7 (from a putative2n=18, with all the acrocentric chromosomes) and the karyotype with 2n=16 would be the homomorphic form with rearrangement between 1 and 7. The karyotypes with 2n=15 and 2n=14 are heteromorphic and homomorphic forms, respectively, of the rearrangement between the pairs 2 and 3. The genetic divergence within this clade is compatible with others for intraspecific divergence, involving individuals with 2n=15 and 2n=17, and equivalent to a new species other than those valid for Proechimys. Our data reinforce the association of this táxon to the goeldiispecies group and still deserves a formal species description. The third chapter evaluates the use of the karyotype as a specific marker for the genus Proechimys, with cytogenetic analysis of 43 new specimens, which were incorporated into those available in the literature, allowing the compilation of 1125karyotype specimens of Proechimys, with a collection of 39karyotypes The molecular phylogeny of the vWF and citB genes recovered thirteen evolutionary lineages,two of which have not yet been described for species of the genus. The karyotypes, when available, were associated with their respective DNA sequence in phylogeny in order to verify if the karyotype is associated with the monophyletic clades. We showed the formation of subgroups in some taxa, with high support. In P. cuvieri, clade A (2n=28/FN=46) presented 8,86% of genetic divergence between clade B (2n=28/FN=48) and 10,36% in relation to clade C, with no associated karyotype), whereas clade B differed by3% from clade C, suggesting that A (P. cuvieri, 2n=28/FN=46) is a taxonomic unit other than B (2n =28/ FN=48 ) and C, which should represent a species still to be described. In P. longicaudatus, two clades diverged from each other by 10.75%, and the cladeassociated with the 2n=28/FN=50 karyotype was 12identified as P. longicaudatus, while that associated with 2n=28/FN=48-50 should belong to a taxonomic unit not yet described. In P. roberti, the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56 in clade A showed low divergence in relation to clades B (3,31%) and C (2,93%), but high divergence in relation to clade D (6,94%), associated with the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56, but the morphology of the last pair is distinct from the cytotype in A. Our analysis suggests that the clade D with disjunct distribution, high divergence and distinct karyotype should correspond to a distinct taxonomic unit. Proechimys guyannensispresented as the most complex species due to the great karyotypic diversity associated to this species. The phylogeny showed three subgroups: A, B and C, with relatively low divergence, clade B diverged in 2.45% of clade A, clade C in 5,22% of B and clade C in 5,49% of A. Although low diversity, monophyly, disjunct geographical location and distinct karyotypes allowed to associate the karyotypes of P. guyannensis: 2n=40/FN=50-52, for Amapá, French Guiana and Venezuela (clade B); 2n=46/FN =50 to the east of Amazonas, Roraima and Pará (clade A) and 2n=38/52 to clade C to the extreme northwest of Amazonas. The latter presents remarkablekaryotypic variations and the greater divergence when compared to the other clades, could represents an effective barrier to the intercrossing between these individuals and those of the other clades. Due to the absence of phylogenetic resolution of the basal in P. guyannensis, low number of specimens analyzed under molecular and karyotype approaches, additional efforts are necessary, since this taxon can represent a set of species. Representatives of P. steereiwere not karyotyped in this study but the review in literature allowed to associate each karyotype with their respective sequence. The cytotypes 2n=24/FN=40-42, with variation of the FN due to pericentric inversion events in pair 3 are recognized. Our analysis indicated no structuring in the distribution of the karyotypesandthe variation of the FN within P. steerei(FN=40-42) as a chromosomal polymorphism, with FN=41 being the intermediate form between the two homomorphic
Cognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Several species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
Compreendendo a influência da qualidade ambiental na comunidade de peixes de um Rio no Norte do Espírito Santo.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-23) Nascimento, Cristiane Alves da Silva do; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Silva, Maurício Hostim; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Caramaschi, Érica Maria Pellegrini; Frehse, Fabrício de Andrade; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The Atlantic rain Forest has been substituted for several economic activities and, among those responsible for the modification of aquatic environments, agriculture and the establishment of cities near water resources are two of the main sources of damages to the river basins, causing changes in the channel, reduction the availability of habitats, extinction of species, among others. The objective of this study was to verify if there is a difference in the ichthyofauna of medium and highly impacted environments, and to understand if small fragments of forest are sufficient to maintain the stability of the aquatic environment in rivers with high anthropogenic pressure; and II - to evaluate the feeding of fish species occurring in two parts of a highly impacted river in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, in order to understand if, in a degraded river, a small stretch of riparian forest is sufficient to maintain the quality of the aquatic life that lives there. The work was carried out in the River Itaúnas located in the state of Espírito Santo. In this river the greatest indicators of anthropic impact were the presence of alien species, absence of points with Habitat Integrity Index within the high class and dominance of tolerant species. Signs of lower quality of the most impacted point are in the results obtained with the condition factor and the low number of trophic guilds, followed by a large number of species with high food overlays, an indicative of greater homogenization of the environment and supply of few food items. Feeding in both the forested and impacted environments was predominantly autochthonous, indicating that the Itaúnas river basin is degraded to the whole. However, the presence of a greater number of guilds in the forested environment may be indicative that a small fragment of forest still presents nuances that indicates that this is a place that offers larger niches to be explored by the fish community. It is possible to conclude that, even in highly degraded environments, small forest fragments are important for the maintenance of the aquatic biota, since they remain more stable and offer a greater range of niches to be explored.
Diversidade genética intrapopulacional e variabilidade de genes ligados a determinação do sexo: investigando um caso de reversão sexual em Akodon montensis
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-26) Caldara, Sílvia Ramira Lopes; Fagundes, Valéria; Martins, Cesar; Yassuda, Yatiyo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
The first case of sex reversal in Akodonwas reported in 1967 and since then nine news cases were reported. Many authors believe that these XY females are the result of problems in the Sry gene. For sexual reversion in A. montenis itwas suggestedthat maybe some gene that participates on sexual determinant events in X chromosome wouldbe changed. In A. montensisSry gene was detected but its structure, number of copies and functionality was not tested. A curious fact is that only one population (Iguape) has XY females record. Thus it is necessary to investigate what happened in this population the cause the origin or the maintenance of XY females in Iguape. The present study aimed to investigate the role of genes linked to sex determination in sexual reversion for A. montensis, verifying their integrity, copies number and functionality. We also studied demographic structure and phylogenetics patterns to verify bottle necks signals and if there is a common origin for sexual reversion in Akodon.We extracted DNA from 94 individuals from A. montensis and also used DNA for at least 6 species from Akodon genera. It was tested growth neutrality deviation, mismatch distribution, nucleotide and haplotype diversity, gene flow, number of migrants per generation using the control region of mitochondrial DNA. We also investigated the presence and structural integrity of Dax-1 and Sry. In Sry case we investigated the primary and tertiary protein structure using specific 3D modelling programs. Cytochrome b was employed to reconstruct Akodon phylogeny that were used to trace if XY sexual reversed females has one common origin. The results indicates that Iguape population shows signs for a recent population expansion due the possible bottleneck event. Furthermore, these XY females seems to be originated in this population over 15 hundred years. The integrity of Sry was demonstrated and this gene seems to be a species specific marker. There were no differences between Sry gene and protein from males and XY females. Due lack of information available in literature it was not possible to draw specific primersfor Dax-1 amplification and only the exon2 could be analyzed. The analysis form exon 2 also indicated no differences between XY males and females in this species. Real-time PCR can be inferred that there is no difference between the number of copies of the Sry gene between males and females XY.A. The phylogeny tree obtained corroborates previous phylogenies proposed for the genus Akodon and mapping character sex reversal in this phylogeny indicates that this characteristic has multiple origins within the genera. So we concluded that it were not mutations on exon 2 of Dax-1 or changes in the Sry gene, or a protein that lead to sex reversal and other genesfrom sexual cascade should be decisive for the case of XY females A. montensis
Diversificação do complexo Oecomys bicolor (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-07) Paes, Rafaela Duda; Weksler, Marcelo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Costa, Bárbara Maria de Andrade; Monteiro, Cecília Waichert
Oecomys bicolor is a small orizomino rodent, with a wide geographic distribution from southeastern Central America to Brazil. Its taxonomy is still not well established, since morphological data assign ten synonyms to the species, which contrasts with genetic information, which shows the existence of more clades and indicates that the taxon is a species complex. Studies based on cytochrome b sequences indicate clusters with low mean intraclade divergences (< 2%), but with higher interclade divergences. In addition, only one study associated genetics with morphological data, which are shown to be polymorphic. Considering that mitochondrial genes accumulate homoplasies quickly and, therefore, lose resolution as the depth of tree branches increases, the construction of multigenic phylogenies with nuclear loci has been shown to be an efficient alternative, since they present evolutionary rates. slower, being useful for recovering deeper relationships. Thus, in order to elucidate the taxonomy of the group, the present work aimed to present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the O. bicolor complex, based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological data from specimens of all ages, covering the geographic distribution across the Americas, in addition to phylogenetic analyzes with partial sequences of a mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. The results recovered O. bicolor as a paraphyletic, with 11 geographically structured clades, which are accompanied by diagnosable morphotypes. Among these, two lineages are recognized as O. bicolor sensu stricto (widely present in the Amazon and trans-Andean forests) and O. cleberi (endemic to the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon of Brazil, exclusive to the distribution of O. bicolor), one is revalidated as O. nitedulus (restricted to the Guianas) and eight are potential new species, of which five are described (distributed in the Amazon, with cases of sympatry and limited by the Tapajós River). The propositions made about the revalidation of O. nitedulus and the recognition of eight new lineages increase the number of Oecomys species from 17 to 26. In addition, three other nominal taxa represent potential species complexes, evidencing the difficulty in identifying the species. species of the genus and the need for further taxonomic revisions.
Ecologia nutricional de peixes nominalmente herbívoros no Atlântico Sudoeste
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-26) Ferreira, Gabriel Costa Cardozo; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Giglio, Vinicius José; Francini Filho, Ronaldo Bastos; Andrades, Ryan Carlos; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga
The trophic ecology of herbivorous fishes is a constantly debated subject. Discussions permeate between how species capture their food till which are their real targets on the reef substrate and how it does imply on their functional roles on the environment. Different biotic and abiotic aspects may influence in this group trophic ecology. Seasonal events such as upwelling may, for example, enrich the whole system as a consequence of the input of cold and nutrient-rich deep waters. Similarly, different sites may present particular characteristics, as benthic composition, directly affecting ingestion and nutrient assimilation by herbivorous reef fishes. This thesis was conducted in four reef environments along the Brazilian coast: Natal (state of Rio Grande do Norte), Abrolhos Archipelago (state of Bahia), Guarapari (state of Espírito Santo) and Arraial do Cabo (state of Rio de Janeiro). In the latter, studies were conducted on a seasonal scale but also in a latitudinal approach when it was compared to the other three sites aforementioned. Was verified that the main items in each species diet trend to remain similar in both approaches: seasonal and latitudinal. However, the nominally herbivorous fishes have presented differences in diet composition and diversity of ingested items in both scales. Likewise, nutrient assimilation and trophic relationships among species also varied in the latitudinal comparison among sites. This work indicates that nominally herbivorous fishes have specificities regarding their nutritional ecology and that environmental variations or habitats characteristics must be considered to avoid generalizations on the ecology of such important, diverse, and widely-distributed fishes. Finally, this study expands the comprehension on how herbivorous reef fishes partition the available resources and reinforces that each species function in the ecosystem should not be underestimated by grouping them as single unities without site/species-specific analysis
Especiação em Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887): uma abordagem multidisciplinar
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-02-29) Massariol, Cristina Dornelas de Andrade Nogueira; Paresque, Roberta; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Geise, Lena; Yonenaga-Yassuda, Yatiyo
Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) is a Sigmodontinae rodent that lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and presents high chromosomal polymorphism (2n=14-16 and NF=18-26), with 31 distinct karyotypes described for this species up to now.Gene sequences of 402 individuals and 63 localities reiterate the geographic structure of A. cursorin North and South clades, with genetic divergence of 4.4% for COI and 2.5% for Cit-b.The phylogeographic break is localized between latitudes 16-18ºS(north Minas Gerais and southern Bahia), coinciding with the Jequitinhonha Valley. The structure of the clades is not related to exclusive karyotypes. However, the form 2n=16 ismore frequent in the North and the form 2n=14 inthe South.Demographic data indicate karyotype contribution on geographic diversification, with populational equilibrium in the North and two distinct and stable populations in the South.Experimental crosses (n=185) involving specimes of A. cursorwith intermediate conditions of geographical distribution (interclades) and karyotype (2n=15),donot indicate reproductive isolation between the Northern clades and Southern clades (reproductive success above 80% ), but show reduced fertility in individuals 2n=15.Combinations (female x male)2n=14x2n=15 and 2n=15x2n=16 show, respectively, higher and lower reproductive success, thusreflecting higher affinity between the forms 2n=15 and 2n=14, and revealing that females 2n=15 presentreproductive disadvantageswhen compared to males in the same heterozygous condition.Moreover, inspecimens with the same diploid number,individuals captured from nature present higher reproductive success than those born in captivity. Aggressive behavior among couples were registered, being more frequent in the Southern clade.There are morphological/anatomical distinctionsbetween individuals of the Northern and Southern clades, in agreementwith the geographical pattern obtained in molecular analysis.Thus, although the use of morphological criteria and reciprocal monophyly points to distinctionsbetweenNorthern and Southern clades showing no signals of reproductive isolation between these populationsis noticeable.The fertility reduction of individuals 2n=15 indicates an incipient process of stasipatric speciation, tending to establish the form 2n=16 in the North andthe form 2n=14 inthe South.Interspecific crosses (n=80) between A. cursorand A. montensis(2n=23-25) Thomas 1913produces sterile hybrids (2n=19-20), unlike observed among supposed A. cursor"hybrid", 2n=15 and interclade.In these cases, the introgression is bidirectional, although ahigher reproductive success (75%) occurred between female of A. montensis2n=24 and male of A. cursor2n=16 (North clade). A. montensiswith 2n=23 14(female), 2n=25 (femaleand male), and A. cursorwith 2n=15 (female) don't generate hybrids.Considering that 2n=14 is aderived condition in A.cursor,and themost frequent in populations of the South clade (which occurs with sympatry with A. montensis), thereexistsa barrier to a more effective gene flow in these areas, with karyotype showing an important role in maintaining the identity of each species
Estudo das relações filogenéticas supraespecíficas de Hybothoracini Boucek (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Haltichellinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-05-30) Araujo, Bruno Cancian de; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Kawada, Ricardo; Feitosa, Rodrigo dos Santos Machado; Noll, Fernando Barbosa; Leite,Yuri Luiz Reis
The first supraespecific cladistic analysis forHybothoracini is presented. 21 genera and 92 OTUs are tested. Based on 91 morphological characters, 11 parsimony analysis were performed, one with equal weighting and 10 with implied weighting for k values between 1 and 300. Equal weighting analyzes resulted in four equally parsimonious trees, and one strict consensus tree was generated. The 10 analyzes of implied weighing generated one tree each, with basically three different topologies for k ranging from 1 to 10, from 16 to 50, and from 100 to 300. Hybothoracini is monophyletic in all analyzes and includes Tropimeris and Zavoya as proposed by Wijesekara (1997). The following genera are maintained: Hastius Schmitz, Hybothorax Ratzeburg, Irichohalticella, Cameron, Lasiochalcidia Masi, Nearretocera Girault, Nipponochalcidia Habu, Notaspidiella Boucek, Notaspidium Dalla Torre, Proconura Dodd, Psilochalcis Kieffer, Schwarzella Ashmead, Solenochalcidia Steffan, Steninvreia Boucek, XenarretoceraGirault, Tropimeris Steffan. Ninenew generic synonyms are proposed: HayatiellaNarendran, new. syn. andNeohybothorax Nikol'skaya, new. syn. under Hybothorax 10Ratzeburg; Bucekia Steffan, new. syn. andIndoinvreia Roy & Farooqi, new. syn. under Lasiochalcidia Masi; Halsteadium Boucek, new. syn. under Notaspidium Dalla Torre; Cephalochalcidia Nikol’skaya, new. syn., Euchalcidiella Masi, new. syn., Hyperchalcidia Steffan, new. syn., Peltochalcidia Steffan, new. syn. under Xenarretocera Girault. Thirty-two new combinations and one combination revalidation are proposed: Hybothorax aligarhensis (Narendran, 1989), new. comb., Hybothorax hetera Walker, 1834,new. comb., Hybothorax imitator (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia bouceki (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia differens Boucek, 1949, comb. rev., Lasiochalcidia dissimilis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Psilochalcis erythropus (Cameron, 1897) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia turkomana (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia carinigena (Cameron, 1907) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia zdenekia (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Notaspidium alterum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Notaspidium petiolatum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Proconura menoni (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Psilochalcis merita (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera capitata (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera levis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera bardiensis (Masi, 1929b) new. comb., Xenarretocera benoisti (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera capensis (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera clypeata(Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocera frontalis (Askew, 1994) new. comb., Xenarretocera nigerrima (Masi, 1929c) new. comb., Xenarretocera nitens (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera oranensis (Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocerapatrizii (Masi, 1929d) new. comb., Xenarretocerapopovi (Nikol'skaya & Kyao, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera schoutedeni (Steffan, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera shestakovi (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera soudanensis (Steffan, 1951a) new. comb., Xenarretocera tadzhika (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera usta (Grissell & Schauff, 1981) new. comb., Xenarretocera zarudnyi(Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb.
Evolução molecular e cariotípica em Rhipidomys Tschudi, 1845 (Cricetidae, Rodentia)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-11-28) Carvalho, Ana Heloisa de; Fagundes, Valéria; Costa, Leonora Pires; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Costa, Bárbara Maria de Andrade; Silva, Maria José de Jesus; Paresque, Roberta
Rhipidomys (Cricetidae, Rodentia) taxonomy is very complex, and the identification of specimens is usually based on continuous morphological characters. In previous phylogenetic studies, based in the Cytochrome B (Cytb) gene, among other lines of evidence, 12 of the 23 recognized species were sampled: three of them have been identified and described after these studies and another one is not formally described yet. These data indicate that the morphological variation may underestimate the diversity of the genus. Karyotype is usually a reliable taxonomic character for rodents but, concerning Rhipidomys, many have been described but not necessarily associated with a recognized species or misinterpreted. Karyotypes of specimens from different localities, that were identified on basis of molecular and/or morphological characters, were analyzed. We reviewed the karyotypic information available in literature for Rhipidomys and some were reinterpreted. This genus presents three karyological groups: a group presenting diploid number (2n) equal to 44, and low fundamental number (FN) varying from 48 to 52; a group presenting 2n=44, FN high, FN=72–80; and a group presenting 2n different from 44, 2n=48 and 50 and FN=66–72. Most species of this genus presents 2n=44 and low FN, all of these karyotypes being very similar. We assume that the ancestral karyotype of the genus should be similar to these, since are the ones recorded for Rhipidomys basal clades and are registered for specimens nearest to Central America, region of the cladogenesis event between Rhipidomys and Thomasomys probably occurs which presents some species showing 2n similar to 44, including 2n=44, and low FN. In addition to the 2n=44 and low FN karyotypes group, a single clade includes the other two groups: the group presenting 2n=48 e 50, which currently only includes R. nitela, but presented five distinct complements that can possibly comprise three taxonomic entities or distinctive populations; and a group with 2n=44 and high FN, that currently includes R. ipukensis and R. mastacalis. Molecular data, using two mitochondrial and four nuclear markers, associated with karyotype data, revealed two clades in R. mastacalis: one north of the Jequitinhonha river and another to the south. These clades correspond to two distinct species: R. mastacalis (2n=44, FN=74) and probably R. cearanus (2n=44, FN=72), a taxon name currently available but not current recognized. Within the clade characterized by high FN is R. emiliae that presents karyotype with 2n=44, FN=52, due to an introgression event confirmed by nuclear concatenated analysis. While karyotype analyzed by conventional staining does not distinguish well species with low FN, banding patterns suggest distinctions. We could not differentiate the main cause of variation in FN: centromeric repositioning or pericentric inversion. The explanation for the appearance of 2n=48 and 50 karyotype is more complex than a simple fission. In the present study the karyotype of Rhipidomys emiliae, R. ipukensis and R. tribei was described for the first time. Based on the molecular analysis, there is also the indication of possible new species.
Filogenia de Haltichellini Ashmead, (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Haltichellinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Tavares, Andrea Barbieri Navarro; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Kawada, Ricardo; Soares, Elaine Della Giustina; Costa, Valmir Antônio; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Haltichellini is worldwide and assemble 29 genera and 376 species. Most of its generais unsatisfactorily defined and delimited, which has lead instability in the species classification and difficulties in their identification. This study presents the first cladistic analysis for the tribe and based on a representative sample of the world's fauna. This analysis aimed to evaluate the genera and to generate basis to propose a generic classification according to the cladistic relationships among its species.We assessed the monophyly of 24 from the 29 valid genera, based on 97 morphological characters, 54 unpublished ones. The results indicated that: Belaspidiais monophyletic and external to Haltichellini; from 14 genera with more than one species, seven were reported as monophyletic (Aphasganophora, Aspirrhina, Euchalcis, Neochalcis, Tainaniella, Tanycoryphus and Uga); Allochalcis was indicated as paraphyletic; and six genera were 6 indicated as polyphyletic (Antrocephalus, Haltichella, Hockeria, Kriechbaumerella, Oxycorypheand Rhynchochalcis).Based on these relationships, it was found the necessity of following nomenclatural adjustments and propositions: a new genus; ten generic synonyms; two revisions of generic status; 41new combinations; and revalidation of five combinations. Twenty-one genera are redefined. Description and identification key to genera studied, and illustrations for the characters analyzed are presented
Filogenia e biogeografia de Cloeodes Traver, 1938 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-03-26) Angeli, Kamila Batista; Takiya, Daniela Maeda; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Nieto, Carolina; Monteirro, Cecília Waiichert; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Silva, Taissa Rodrigues Marques da
Filogenia e biogeografia de Leptohyphidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-05-01) Souto, Paula Malaquias; Takiya, Daniela Maeda; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Santos, Allan Paulo; Dias, Lucimar Gomes; Paresque, Roberta; Silva, Taissa Rodrigues Marques da
Leptohyphidae is a Pan-American mayfly family with 163 species divided into 15 genera. It belongs to the infraorder Pannota, where it was already considered a subfamily of Tricorythidae. However, there is no agreement among researchers as to how exactly pannotan families are related, specially conserning to leptohyphid sister group. Among the families proposed as more related to Leptohyphidae, Tricorythidae and Coryphoridae are two examples. Being the first restricted to the African continent and the second endemic of the Amazon, the two relationships suggest different biogeographic proposals for the origin and evolution of Leptohyphidae. Within this context, the present dissertation presents two studies within Leptohyphidae: one about the genetic diversity of a possible cryptic species with eye color variation, Leptohyphodes inanis; and another investigating the phylogenetic relationships of Leptohyphidae with other pannotan families, as well as the relationships between genera within the family and the possible processes that contributed to the current distribution pattern of Leptohyphidae genera. To assess genetic differences among populations and relate them to the colour variation of the eyes, we sequenced a segment of the mitochondrial COI gene from 17 individuals from different populations with two colours variations: red and black. All analyses (Bayesian Inference, Neighbor Joining and haplotype network) found three independently highly supported evolutionary lineages, each one mostly restricted to a Southeastern Brazil mountain range. However, Pairwise divergences modelled by Kimura-2 parameter showed high values of intraspecific genetic divergence (0 to 30.5%), with 23.3 to 24.9% between lineages and 4 to 13% within lineages, providing strong evidence of at least three putative species in the L. inanis species complex. In addition, red eyes were recovered as plesiomorphic traits in the group and not a good diagnostic to identify the species. About the second study, the analyses were made based on molecular and morphological characters using Bayesian and parsimony approaches. All analyses recovered the monophyly of the family, whereas the Leptohyphidae sister group varied according to the method, such as Teloganodidae (Afrotropical), Ephemerythidae (Afrotropical) or a clade formed by Melanemerellidae + Coryphoridae + Teloganodidae (Atlantic Forest, Amazonian and Afrotropical, respectively). Based on S-DIVA and divergence time estimation analyses, ancestral Leptohyphidae was found restricted to the Chacoan Subregion in South America after a vicariant event of the Gondwana continent, around 151.9 Mya (120.0 - 184.4). Furthermore, as result three new species were described, two belonging to Macunahyphes and one to Tricorythodes.
Filogenia e diversificação Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea): reconstruindo a história do grupo através de moléculas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-10-09) Nunes, Rosana dos Reis Abrantes; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Fagundes, Valéria; Kawada, Ricardo; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Paresque, Roberta
Bethylidae (Chrysidoidea; Apoidea) are parasitoids wasps that play important ecological roles, such as populational control of beetles and micromoths. This family presents a world wide distribution and according to fossil data its diversisfication started during the late Creataceous. The taxonomy of this group is controversial and has been through many modifications since its description by Halliday, in 1839. Currently there are recognized five living subfamilies (Bethylinae, Pristocerinae, Epyrinae, Scleroderminae and Mesitiinae) and one fossil subfamily (Lancepyrinae) placed in 102 genera of which 89 are extant. Previous studies have indicated that the association of molecular markers with morphological data are helpful to understand the phylogenetic relations in Hymenoptera; in elucidating its classification and for the elaboration of hypothesis about the origin and diversification of the clades. In the present work, we used sequences of two mitochondrial genes (small subunit of the ribosomal 16S and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear gene (large subunit of the ribosomal 28S). The sequences were analysed individually or concatenated to infer the relationships within the members of Bethylidae in different hierarchic levels besides estimating the region and age of diversification of the main lineages of the family. Divergence time estimates were used to date the cladogenesis of the main lineages of Bethylidae. In order to determine where the lineages diverged we elaborated an estimative based on historical events of divergence and vicariance. Our data corroborate the monophyly of Bethylidae and of the suffamilies Pristocerinae, Epyrinae and Mesitiinae, besides the group composed of Scleroderminae + Mesitiinae. The sharing of the most recent common ancestor between Bethylidae and Chrysidoidea happened about 139 million years ago and the splitting of Bethylidae into two main lineages took place about 130 million years ago. Data about the reconstruction of the ancestral areas point to the emergence of the lineage that parasites Lepidoptera in the area comprised between Australia and India-Madagascar, while the origin of the lineage that parasites Coleoptera was pointed to the southeastern region of the Gondwana continent, which would correspond today to India, Madagascar and Arabia. Some groups were outlined within each subfamily for not being well resolved taxonomically, while for other groups it was evidenced the need for more detailed molecular and morphological studies to delimit taxonomic units and to elucidate phylogenetic relationships. In Bethylinae the genera Lytopsenella and Eupsenella were recovered as sister and basal-group of all other genera. Goniozus is poliphyletic and should be represented for morethan one genus. The subdivision of Pristocerinae into well defined lineages was congruent with morphological sinapomorphies of the group. Pristocera was recovered as paraphyletic in relation to Kathepyris, raising questions about the identity of these two genera. Epyrinae and 9 Scleroderminae have had a confusing taxonomic history and the molecular phylogeny demonstrated the need for deeper phylogenetic studies. In Epyrinae, Epyris was recovered as polyphyletic. In Scleroderminae, the position of Discleroderma is uncertain and the genus Glenossema, Tuberepyris and Solepyris were included in Epyrinae and not in Scleroderminae as prescribed in morphology-based studies. The subdivision of Mesitiinae into tribes was not recovered, being considered an artificial cluster. The incorporation of a molecular tool brought new insights in cladistics studies and demonstrated to be efficient in recovering the clusters proposed 100 years ago by Kieffer and additionally revealed unpublished relationships. We believe that the current scenario brings fresh perspectives into cladistics studies, indicating new approaches and groups to be investigated using more robust and specific morphological and molecular approaches
Filogenia e evolução de ouriços-cacheiros (Rodentia:Erethizontidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-25) Caldara Junior, Vilacio; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Vital, Marcos Vinícius Carneiro; Bonino, Alfredo Ricardo Langguth; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Erethizontidae is the family of rodents known as the New World porcupines. There are controversies about their taxonomy, especially regarding genera and species. The phylogenetic relationships among Erethizontidae species are poorly known and the evolution of their most striking features remains a puzzle. The main goal of this study was to assess the evolution of Erethizontidae based on a phylogeny of 9 out of 15 porcupine species. We performed phylogenetic inferences on a mitochondrial and a nuclear gene, analyses of morphological and morphometric characters from skin and skull, analyses of postnatal development and character mapping on the phylogeny and inferences on the processes involved in phenotypic evolution of Erethizontidae. The resulting phylogenies confirmed the monophyly of the family Erethizontidae, the subfamily Erethizontinae and the genus Coendou. In this genus, Co. prehensilis is sister to smaller Coendou species, followed by Co. melanurus and then Co. roosmalenorum. Coendou nycthemera grouped with Coendou sp. in a clade that grouped with another containing Co. insidiosus and Co. spinosus, which are not reciprocally monophyletic. The phylogeny does not corroborate grouping some species of Coendou in the genus Sphiggurus, as recognized by some authors, because neither would be monophyletic. Skull characters and measurements are more effective than external characters in distinguishing Co. prehensilis from the clade of smaller Coendou. External characters and some morphometric variables worked better in diagnosing smaller Coendou species. The data confirms the existence of an apparently new species of porcupine, and the need to synonymize Co. spinosus and Co. insidiosus. The skull of smaller species of Erethizontidae changes little during their growth, but larger species undergo major skull transformation, while the dorsal fur is quite altered during development in almost all species. The most probable ancestral states in skin characters varied at different phylogeny levels, while on cranial characters, the states found in young 4 and smaller species are the most likely in almost all species. The most important process acting on porcupine phenotypic evolution was genetic drift, especially early in the diversification of this group (reflecting on today’s species groups, genera or subfamilies), but natural selection (mainly directional or disruptive) was more influential on the evolution of current specie
Filogenia e evolução de roedores Echimyidae na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-01-01) Loss, Ana Carolina; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Rafael do Nascimento; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis
The Neotropical rodents of the Echimyidae family are the most diverse among the Caviomorpha clade. Little is known about the geographic range, natural history and evolution of several Echimyidae members, despite its high diversity. The taxonomic history of the family is confusing and some groups are rare in scientific collections, resulting in less conclusive inferences about evolutionary and biological traits, which are based on a few individuals. Molecular phylogenies do not support the taxonomic classification based on morphological traits, highlighting the complexity of the evolutionary history of this group. Five Echimyidae genera occur within the Atlantic Forest range: the bamboo-rat, Kannabateomys; the arboreal Phyllomys and Callistomys; the terrestrial Trinomys; and the semi-fossorial Euryzygomatomys. In the present study I used DNA sequences to investigate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of three echimyids from the Atlantic Forest at three different taxonomic levels: family, genus, and species. The first chapter investigates the phylogenetic position of Callistomys within Echimyidae using sequences of one mitochondrial (CytB) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. The results show that Callistomys forms a clade with the semi-aquatic coypu (Myocastor) from the grasslands in the southern South America and terrestrial spiny rats (Proechimys) from the Amazon forest. This clade is sister to Thrichomys, a terrestrial rat from the dry lands of central South America. These clades are unexpected, given the contrasting morphology, ecology, and geographic ranges of its members. The resulting echimyid phylogeny indicates that Callistomys is not closely related to the other arboreal echimyids, and suggest that arboreal habits evolved more than once in this family. The second chapter investigates aspects of the phylogeny, evolution and species limits in the genus Phyllomys using two mitochondrial (CytB and COI) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. Three main species groups were identified: one with a longitudinal distribution through the central portion of the Atlantic Forest (P. pattoni (P. mantiqueirensis, Phyllomys sp. 4)); one blainvilii (P. brasiliensis, P. lamarum))) and another along the southern portion (Phyllomys sp. 3 ((Phyllomys sp. 1, P. lundi), (Phyllomys sp. 5 (P. dasythrix (P. nigrispinus (P. sulinus, Phyllomys sp. 6)))))). Two independent evolutionary linages were identified, probably representing new species, raising the potential number of Phyllomys species from 17 to 19. These phylogenies, together with geographic distribution data, suggest that the diversification and distribution of Phyllomys species were affected by the concomitant action of different factors, such as neotectonics, altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, and climate change acting since the Miocene, underlining the first diversifications within Phyllomys until more recent speciation events, during the Pleistocene. The third chapter explores the genetic variation, geographic distribution and taxonomic status of the species Euryzygomatomys spinosus using two mitochondrial markers (CytB and D-loop). The results show that E. spinosus is distributed along the Atlantic Forest and surrounding areas, south of the Rio Doce in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, including a confirmed occurrence in the Cerrado. This species occupies very distinct habitats and may be consider a generalist. The populations are genetically structured along its distribution and the genetic data corroborate the current taxonomy, which considers only one species in the genus, E. spinous.
Filogeografia de Trichomycterus (siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-11-30) Volpi, Thaís de Assis; Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria; Fagundes, Valéria; Vargas, Sarah Maria; Britto, Marcelo Ribeiro de; Lima, Sérgio Maria Queiroz Costa; Paresque, Roberta
Trichomycterinae is a subfamily of catfishes that comprises of eight genera, which are monotypic or composed of few species, and the only exception is Trichomycterus, represented by 161 nominal species distributed in the neotropical region. The genus is polyphyletic due to several taxonomic problems involving the species, which makes difficult the understanding of the distribution patterns of its lineages, since the difficulty in delimiting them. Thus, the present study aimed to recover the hierarchical relationships of Trichomycterus to verify the distribution pattern of the lineages. For this, the study was conducted in three stages: (i) Reconstruct the phylogenetic lineages of the neotropical Trichomycterus using 456 sequences of the cit-b with 999 bp distributed from the Chilean Andes to the west, Guyana to the north and all of eastern Brazil ; (ii) To propose the hierarchy and delimitation of the Trichomycterus lineages genus in a phylogenetic perspective, using 496 sequences of the COI with 789 bp distributed from Rio de Contas at the north to Jacuí at the south , area covering the type-locality of the species-type of the genus, T. nigricans; (iii) Verify the distribution of the 496 animals and the phylogeographic patterns of the species. We found three geographically structured clades (west X north X eastern), divergent between 12.5 and 15% were recovered, the eastern clade being more distinct from the others. The western clade, composed of T. areolatus, species of other genera of Trichomycterinae were recovered. Whereas T. nigricans are found in eastern Brazil, we suggest that Trichomycterus be represented by species from the east, and that T. areolatus and Bullockia be rellocated to Hatcheria. In the eastern portion, we delimit 18 species through DNA Barcoding protocol. Also we observed two clades geographically structured with divergence of 11.8%, suggesting the existence of two genera in the eastern. Such hierarchy would minimize the current problems of the genus, making it monophyletic. From the analysis of species distribution patterns, it was verified that 55% of them are found in the headwaters of the São Francisco, Paraná and Paraíba do Sul. This region had great importance in the evolutionary history of the group, as ancestral area, dispersal routes, and species refuges, given the shared history of most of them associated with the portion. In addition, we verified that the endemism of species which are restricted to a single basin occurred in only 28% of cases, refuting the premise of endemism for most species of the genus. Population geographic structuring was verified at basin level. In the cases in which do not pattern of distribution of the lineages was verified, it was possible to infer that the population structure would be related to the past conformation of the landscape. We found that even within phylogenetically related lineages and sister-species, the phylogeographic patterns are very distinct, varying according to the amplitude of their distribution and the environment in which they are found.

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