Doutorado em Biologia Vegetal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17505

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2013
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019. Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1, p.63 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 14/03/2019, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://biologiavegetal.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBV/detalhes-do-curso?id=99

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Avaliação alelopática, mutagênica e fitoquímica de extratos vegetais de três espécies exóticas invasoras
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-17) Moreira, Schírley Aparecida Costalonga; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; França, Hildegardo Seibert; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Jamal, Claudia Masrouah; Belcavello, Luciano
Biological contamination is one of the most serious environmental problems nowadays and contributes to the extinction of native species. Studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of invasion used by alien species are very important in the search for effective solutions to combat these species allelopathy is a promising field of investigation; however, the relationships between allelopathic effects and intracellular changes are rarely established. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemistry of the foliar ethanolic extract of Acacia mangium Willd (forest mangrove), Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jackfruit) and Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl (loquat) as well as infer about their allelopathic actions through four test organisms (Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa, Leucaena leucocephala e Urochloa brizantha) and its mutagenic potential using the A. cepa system. In allelopathic assay, seeds of test organisms germinated on Petri dishes covered with filter paper soaked with deionized water (negative control) or four concentration of each extract (1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/mL); were measured the germination index (GI), germination speed index (GSI), allelopathic index (AI), radicles growth speed index (RGSI), germination mean time (GMT), germination mean speed (GMS) and radicles mean length (RML). For mutagenic assay A. cepa seeds were submitted to continuous and discontinuous (acute and chronic) treatments in medium with deionized water, the herbicide trifluralin (1,9 µL/mL) - positive control -or one concentration of extracts and were measured the mitotic index (MI), aneugenic effect index (AEI), clastogenic effect index (CEI) and anomaly index (AI). A. mangium Willd extract presented in its composition saponins, triterpenes and tanins and affected the GI, GSI and AI of L. sativa, A. cepa and U. brizantha; in relation to GMT, L. leucocephala was the only specie affected. The GMS changed only in L. sativa. All species had RML and RGSI modified. The extract shown cytotoxic properties, since it reduced the MI of A. cepa without changed the AEI, AI and CEI. To A. heterophyllus Lam extract, was detected flavonoids, triterpenes and tanins and occurred significant changes in AI and GI to L. sativa, A. cepa e U. brizantha; the GSI was affected in L. sativa e U. brizantha, while GMT reduced in L. leucocephala e U. brizantha. RML and RGSI of all test organisms were altered. Besides reducing the MI, the extract caused an increase in CEI demonstrating that the observed allelopathic effects are reflections of both a cytotoxic and a genotoxic action. In turn, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl extract shown flavonoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids in its phytochemical profile and reduced the GI, GSI and AI in L. sativa, A. cepa and U. brizantha. There was a decline in GMS of L. sativa. The extract of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl presented cytotoxic and mutagenic potentials and affected RML and RGSI of all test organisms. Of the three species tested, Eriobotrya japonica presented potential for the development of a Biological control for other alien species.
Bidens pilosa L.: análises da composição química e atividades biológicas de diferentes populações e condições de cultivo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-06-22) Delarmelina, Juliana Macedo; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Ventura , José Aires; Paula, Flávia de; Jamal, Claudia Masrouah
The use of plants for medicinal purposes, for treatment, cure and prevention of diseases, is one of the oldest forms of medicinal practice of mankind. Bidens pilosa L., Asteraceae, popularly called "picão-preto", is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of hepatitis, cancer, diabetes, among other disorders. It is a plant of therapeutic interest because it is rich in chemical compounds associated with human health. However, chemical compounds can vary, qualitatively and quantitatively, according to numerous factors that reflect on their biological activities. Among the main factors that contribute to the chemical variation of plant extracts is the genetic variability, environmental factors and the extraction process, such as the use of solvents with different polarity, for example. Thus, the present study aimed to: a) evaluate the variability of the hydroalcoholic extract and five fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous), from four populations of B. pilosa (Afonso Claudio, Barra de São Francisco, Cariacica and Muniz Freire), using genetic markers (RAPD), phytochemical analyzes (phytochemical prospecting, ESI (-) FT-ICR MS and total content of flavonoids, tannins and phenolics), analyzes of antioxidant activity in vitro (by DPPH? , ABTS?+ ,, chelating activity on Fe+2 and ß-carotene/linoleic acid assays), and in vivo analyzes to evaluate cytotoxicity, anti-cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity (by micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow). b) evaluate the variability of hydroalcoholic extract of plants submitted to three growth conditions (organic and inorganic fertilizers and the control) and in different phenological stages (vegetative and flowering), through phytochemical, antioxidant and in vivo analyzes (mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of plants in the flowering stage) and growth. The phytochemical analyzes revealed a significant quantitative and qualitative difference between the samples tested, which reflected in variability in their biological activities (antioxidant, t-test, P<0.5). The results suggest that environmental factors were determinant as compared to genetic factors. In vivo assays demonstrated that the plant did not induce cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in all experimental conditions (Tukey, P <0.5) and was able to protect DNA from damage induced by cyclophosphamide in the anti-cytotoxicity and antimutagenicity assays.
Caracterização da variabilidade genética de Euterpe Edulis (Arecaceae) do Espírito Santo para a produção de frutos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-02-20) Pereira, Pedro Mazzocco; Ventura, José Aires; Ferreira, Adésio; Batittuci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de; Mengarda, Liana Hilda Golin; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava
The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic variability and to select genotypes of the juçara palm (Euterpe edulis Martius) promising for the production of fruits for pulp. A total of 10,200 fruits were collected and 102 plants were sampled in nine populations in the North, Northeast and Center Mountainous Regions of the State of Espírito Santo. In all, twelve descriptors related to pulp production were used and the descriptive variance components were estimated by the maximum likelihood restricted method and the prediction of the phenotypic and genotypic values by the best non-biased linear prediction using Selegen-REML / BLUP. By means of predicted genotypic values and the use of seven microsatellite loci, it was possible to characterize the genetic variability of the juçara palm among genotypes and populations. Moderate levels of differentiation were found among populations and populations showed high intrapopulational and low interpopulational genetic diversity. The values found for the FST pairs show that the SL population does not have gene flow with the other populations and that geographically distant populations are not always genetically distant populations. The agglomerative methods used in this study from the predicted genetic values were concordant and identified in the populations three distinct groups, the SL population being the most isolated from the others. The analysis of the trail using twelve descriptors showed that to select genotypes with high yield of pulp (main variable), one should select: lower seed mass (DM), lower mass of one hundred seeds (MCS) and larger equatorial diameter of the fruit (DEF). With the selection index Mulamba and Monkey, it was possible to select 20 more promising genotypes for the production of pulp and the possible genotypes to be used in future crosses in the breeding programs of the juçara palm tree in Brazil. The results of this research have an important contribution with genetic information that help in the forest management, the conservation of the species and in breeding programs with a view to the sustainable exploitation of the fruits of the juçara palm for the production of pulp.
Caracterização fisiológica, fitoquímica e de atividades biológicas de plantas medicinais com potencial econômico para produção de fitoterápicos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-25) Dutra, Jean Carlos Vencioneck; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Werner, Elias Terra; França Hildegardo Seibert; Delarmelina, Juliana Macedo; Kuster, Ricardo Machado
Plants of the Cactaceae and Lamiaceae Family are used by the population as food and in traditional medicine to treat or prevent diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of plant extracts of one plant of the Cactaceae Family and seven plants of the Lamiaceae Family, relating the results obtained to the phenological aspects or variations between species. The fruit and cladodes of Cereus jamacaru (Cactaceae) were collected at vegetative and fruiting stage and the total aerial part of Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum selloi, Plecthanthus amboinicus, Plectranthus amboinicus "variegata" and Plectranthus ornatus (Lamiaceae) were collected for the production of hydroalcoholic extracts. Extracts were evaluated by preliminary phytochemical tests; the total content of flavonoids and rosmarinic acid were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques, respectively; the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, Fe2+ ion chelation activity and the ßcarotene/linoleic acid system; cytotoxicity and anti-cytotoxicity against cisplatin in human lymphocytes and antiproliferative effects on sarcoma cells 180 in vitro by the MTT assay; and antitumor activity and evaluation of mutagenicity in vivo. The fruit and cladodes of C. jamacaru were effective in promoting anticancer activity in vitro, and cladodes were able to inhibit cytotoxic damage induced by cisplatin in vitro and induced significant tumor reduction in sarcoma-induced rodents in vivo. Investigation on leaf variegation in Plecthanthus amboinicus showed that the variegation, in addition to morphological changes, leads to changes in the chemical composition and biological activity exhibited by this plant, leading to an increase in total flavonoid and rosmarinic acid content, as well as increased in vitro anticancer effects of Plectranthus amboinicus "variegata". The comparison between the other plants of the Lamiaceae Family studied suggests that rosmarinic acid biosynthesis occurs in detriment of flavonoid synthesis, and also suggests that Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita, plant species with higher rosmarinic acid contente in this study, are more promising as natural antioxidants used to prevent cytotoxic damage and as anticancer agents. These results reinforce the use of these plants as much as food as in traditional medicine and provide information relevant to the development of new drugs.
Caracterização fotossintética de três espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica submetidas a diferentes intensidades lumínicas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-08-07) Gomes, Marcos Thiago Gaudio; DaMatta, Fábio Murilo; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; Silva, Diolina Moura; Morais, Leandro Elias; Silva, Mariela Mattos da
The regulation of the photosynthetic process is modified according to the available light and has a direct effect on the plant's ability to live in a given habitat. Three tree species of the Atlantic Forest were evaluated while submitted to three irradiance intensities in order to investigate the effects of light radiation on the photosynthetic behavior and on the slenderness index (SI). The plants were cultivated during seven months at 20, 50 and 100% of the solar radiation. The species used, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. and Joannesia princeps Vell, classified as pioneers, and Lecythis pisonis Camb, as secondary, are widely used in environmental recovery programs. It was tested the hypothesis that the three species would present different ecophysiological behaviors in response to light availability. Irrespective of the light regimens, S. terebinthifolius displayed the highest values of net photosynthesis rates on a per mass or area basis, followed by J. princeps. L. pisonis which presented the lowest values of this parameter. S.terebinthifolius also showed higher light saturation point and higher stomatal conductance in the three imposed 10 irradiances. S. terebinthifolius and J. princeps exhibited increased SI value at reduced light availability. However, this value was higher for S. terebinthifolius, with values higher than 50% in plants under full sun compared to those under 20% of light showing a morphological adjustment to the irradiance difference. L. pisonis showed no changes in this parameter by light variations. This species presented more negative values of ?W throughout the day and between the light regimes when compared to the other two species, demonstrating a lower hydraulic conductivity. The results confirmed the hypothesis, insofar it was observed greater acclimatization capacity of S. terebinthifolius to the three light treatments imposed. J. princeps showed an intermediate behavior among the studied species, presenting average values in almost all the parameters analyzed during the experiment. In turn, L.pisonis, exhibited a low acclimatization capacity at high irradiance. These results instigated the development of a second work to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics that could influence the ability of S. terebinthifolius to occupy several territories around the planet as an invasive exotic species, whereas J. princeps, even being a species of Atlantic Forest, pioneer, as S. terebinthifolius does not present records of invasion in other ecosystems. S. terebinthifolius showed higher photosynthetic efficiency when submitted to the three levels of irradiance. This same species demonstrated a greater hydraulic conductivity as deduced from the smaller oscillation of the water potential registered during the day under the imposed treatments. J. princeps exhibited a greater investment in energy dissipation mechanisms to avoid possible damages to the photosynthetic apparatus. S. terebinthifolius showed to be more effective in light capture efficiency, as evidenced by the its higher values of carbon isotopic composition, photochemical quenching and specific leaf area. The results show that although the two species studied belong to the same state of ecological succession, S. terebinthifolius presented a greater plasticity in response to the imposed treatments. In addition, the data recorded partly explains the invasive potential of this species along the continents.
Caracterização genética, fitoquímica e das atividades biológicas de diferentes populações naturais de Varronia Curassavica Jacq. e Momordica Charantia L. no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-28) Mota, Mainã Mantovanelli da; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Kuster, Ricardo Machado; Soares,Taís Cristina Bastos; Ventura, José Aires; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie
The medicinal plants have been used for treatment, cure and prevention of diseases for several thousands of years. Varronia curassavica and Momordica charantia are widely exploited plant species for therapeutic purposes. Varronia curassavica Jacq. popularly known as “erva-baleeira”, belongs to the family Cordiaceae and is traditionally used to treat inflammation, in addition it is described by present antibacterial, antifungal, anti-allergic, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. Already the Momordica charantia L. is a species herbaceous belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae commonly known as bitter gourd or bitter melon and in tradicional medicine, it is used for the treatment of diabetes, colics, cancer, among other disorders. The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are due to the secondary metabolites present in the plant. However, genetics and environmental factors, such as soil composition, temperature, rainfall and ultraviolet radiation incidence can affect the concentrations of these chemical components that reflect on their biological activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluated the environmental and genetic factors influence on the production of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity of populations from different regions of Espírito Santo/Brazil of V. curassavica and M. charantia. The results obtained from the analyzes using ISSR molecular markers showed that both V. curassavica and M. charantia species showed a significant similarity between the analyzed populations, probably due to the fact these species possess variety of pollinators insect and seed dispersal animals which facilitated the gene flow. The phytochemical analyzes of V. curassavica revealed a significant quantitative difference between the samples tested, which reflected in variability in their biological antioxidant and antitumoral activities. Results strongly suggest that these variations were caused by environmental rather than genetic factors. The analyzes with the species M. charantia showed there is not a very large variation among the populations related as to their chemical content and biological activity, suggesting that for this plant the geographic location is not determinant for the quantitative and qualitative variation of phenolic compounds. The extract of both species showed a higher selective cytotoxicity in vitro against sarcoma 180, demonstrating that V. curassavica and M. charantia presents therapeutic potential for the development of new drugs. This work are important to help in elucidation optimal conditions for ethnopharmacological use of these medicinal plants.
Caracterização molecular e bioquímica da adaptação de uma variedade comercial de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ao sistema de produção da agricultura natural
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-05-26) Tavares, Nelson Salgado; Benedito, Vagner Augusto; Ventura, José Aires; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo; França, Hildegardo Seibert; Costa, Helcio; Araújo, João Batista Silva
This study addressed the adaptation and production of tomato plants grown with and without organic fertilizers in crops of the commercial variety “Especial para Salada”, whose seeds were produced by Topseed® (T0) and selected using the techniques of nature farming in 15 consecutive plantings (T15). Comparisons were made between T15 and T0 in the non-irrigated planting systems nature farming without fertilizer (NF) and organic agriculture with organic fertilizer (OF) and without the use of pesticides. Cultivation was carried out at West Virginia University Organic Agriculture Farm - WVUOAF (USA) divided into two treatments: nonfertilized (NF-T15, NF-T0); and two fertilized with organic compost (OF-T0 and OF-T15). In the experimental design of randomized blocks with five replicates and five plants per replicate, the production and the molecular characteristics of the plants were determined. For the biochemical studies, planting with the same treatments was performed in the municipality of Marechal Floriano, ES, Brazil. The non-fertilized plants NF-T15 and NF-T0 showed the best yields with the lowest losses of fruits damaged by diseases and pests. The NF-T15 tomato plants showed more efficient defenses despite having the lowest lignin contents (6%) in the fruits, and fewer flavonoids in the leaves. The fertilized tomato plants OF-T0 and OF-T15 had more lignin in the fruits and more flavonoids in the leaves, but they had the highest yield losses. The results of gene activity of T15 and T0 grown without nitrate showed that T0 tomatoes had the same levels of expression as the T15 plants in five of the six genes studied in the roots, which shows that T0 adapted to the absence of inorganic nitrogen. Regardless of the medium with or without nitrate, the NRT1 gene activities in the leaves were the highest in T0 and the lowest in T15. This result can be related to the susceptibility of the fertilized plants and the defenses of the non-fertilized plants. The NF-T15 tomatoes produced 29 t/ha, and the NF-T0 under the same conditions yielded 38 t/ha. The results showed that T0 achieved fast adaptation in this first crop without fertilizers and that T15 cultivated for many years without fertilizers showed more efficient resistance in the non-fertilized tomato plants. The organic fertilizer contributed to lower gene activity associated to the defense in the fertilized plants. For this reason, fertilization was harmful to the productivity of tomato plants grown in the organic planting system.
Caracterização morfofisiológica e bioquímica de três morfotipos de Paubrasilia echinata Lam. em resposta à luz
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-03) Gama, Vinícius Novo; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; DaMatta, Fábio Murilo; Pezzopane, José Eduardo Macedo; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de; Mielke, Marcelo Schramm
The contradictory reports about the functional Responses of brazilwood (Paubrasilia echinata Lam.) in different light conditions, may be relation with genetic variations, which reflect on morphophysiological divergences among populations of this species. This fact makes it difficult to choose the variants of this species to propagation and maintenance of seedlings, as well as its ex situ reintroduction to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. With the purpose of provide precise information about the conservation and promotion of the most appropriate forest management with P. echinata, the study sought to characterize the morphophysiological and biochemical responses of three brazilwood morphotypes: small variant (SV), medium variant (MV) and large variant (LV) in relation to light. In a first work, growth, gas exchange, phenolic compound content, antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, APX, POD and PPO) and total auxin concentration of the three morphotypes were performed under 100% and 15% light. It was observed that secondary metabolism, antioxidative process, photosynthesis and growth parameters indicate LV and MV as morphological variations with tendencies for heliophilous plants. Differently from SV, which presented umbrophilous tendencies. These different responses of brazilwood morphotypes under high incidence of light, instigated the development of a second work, Which sought to evaluate the effects of supplementation of UV-B incident radiation on a heliophilous morphotype, MV, and umbrophilous, SV. For this, measurements of growth, photosynthesis, contents of UV absorption compounds, structural and non-structural carbohydrates, as well as quantification of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents were performed. The effect of UV-B was positive in MV, as it improved its photochemical efficiency and optimized its gas exchange and growth. The incidence of UV-B Provided acclimative responses in MV that presented with a high degree of tolerance to this radiation. This fact can be explained by the heliophilic behavior of this morphotype, with tolerance to environments with high UV irradiance prevalence. On the other hand, the incidence of radiation stimulated photoinhibitory effects in SV, which 11 presented lower growth, lower photosynthetic rate and high respiration. The increase of the hydrogen peroxide contents stimulated oxidative damages in SV visibly translated as foliar chlorotic areas that evolved to foliar necrosis and abscision. Based on floristics works reports already published about the natural incidence of the P. echinata morphotypes, it is observed that SV can be found in dense umbrophilous forests or high-shaded forest; while MV and LV can be found in regions with more open forest, with more clearings and greater irradiance. It is concluded that the differences between the three morphotypes of brazilwood in reference to the contrasting ligth and the exposure of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation presented in this study seem to reflect the prevailing conditions of their centers of origin. Thus, it is suggested the use of SV, with umbrophilous characteristics, for the recovery of the Atlantic forest dense areas, with prevalence in wet and coastal regions. In contrast, it is recommended the plantation of MV and LV in the Atlantic forest deciduous and semideciduous seasonal areas, with prevalence of clearings and high irradiances
Crescimento micelial de Fusarium Solani f. sp. piperis e respostas de cultivares de pimenta-do-reino (piper Nigrum L.) ao estresse abiótico e biótico: biometria, fotossíntese, resistência e avaliação de produtos alternativos de controle da fusariose
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-08-29) Pinheiro, Verônica D'Addazio; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Silva, Diolina Moura; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Sambugaro, Rosana
Brazil is the third largest black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) producer of the world and the Espírito Santo State is the first producer among the Brazilian states, with a production of 37 thousand tons of grain. Fusariosis, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, is considered the major diseases affecting black pepper, characterized by root rot and branch drying. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of black pepper cultivars (Kottanadan and Bragantina) to abiotic (water deficit) and biotic (Fusarium solani f. piperis) stress, in order to characterize the physiological behavior of the plants, the plantpathogen interaction and to evaluate the alternative products efficiency in controlling the fusariosis. Three experiments were performed: first - In vitro evaluation of mycelial growth of four isolates of F. solani f. sp. piperis, cultivated in different products, revealing that silicon and chitosan induced fungal growth, while phosphite inhibited 100%. It was observed a fungistatic and fungitoxic effect of the Carbendazim and the products were not dose dependent for the study conditions (Chapter 1). Second - carried out in greenhouse conditions, this experiment compared the physiological performance of two black pepper cultivars (Kottanadan and Bragantina) submitted to water deficit. At 12 days of water deficit, lower photochemical changes associated with 90% survival confer to Kottanadan black pepper cultivar increased tolerance to water deficit. Chronic photoinhibition observed in Bragantina cultivar sustains this result (Chapter 2). Third - carried out in plant nursery conditions, this experiment aimed to evaluate the epidemiological (Chapter 3), biometric (Chapter 4) and photosynthetic parameters (Chapter 5) of the pepper cultivars inoculated with F. solani f. sp. piperis as well as the effect of alternative products for controlling (silicon, phosphite and chitosan), applied preventively and curatively. Higher level of disease resistance was observed for Kottanadan pepper cultivar, considering a higher incubation period and lower rates of progression, infection index, and both incidence and severity of disease. In general, higher values of biometric parameters observed for Kottanadan show that this cultivar was less affected by the disease when compared to Bragantina cultivar. The negative correlation between biometric parameters and incidence and disease severity confirm these results. Independently of disease severity, plants inoculated with F. solani f. sp. piperis remained photosynthetically active after 180 days. However, the Kottanadan black pepper cultivar was more resistant to Fusarium, considering the higher values of the relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange parameters analyzed. In both pepper cultivars, in spite of the similarity observed between application times of the alternative products, plants supplemented with silicon, phosphite and chitosan showed better behavior compared to infected and non-supplemented plants. Phosphite and Silicon are more efficient for both suppressivity of fusariosis and resistance induction, considering the lower incidence and disease severity, the invariability of the plant biomass production as well as the majority of photosynthetic parameters for the Kottanadan black pepper cultivar.
Diversidade genética de populações de Bidens pilosa e Tithonia diversifolia no Espírito Santo e respostas do metabolismo primário e secundário sob diferentes condições de fertilização e irrigação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-03-22) Luz, Anny Carolyne da; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Werner, Elias Terra; Ventura, Jose Aires; Vargas, Sarah Maria; Gonçalves, Rita de Cássia Ribeiro
Bidens pilosa L. and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray are plants of the Asteraceae family with distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. They are plants used for various therapeutic purposes, mainly anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, hepratoprotective and prevention of cancer. The plants of this family present a complex chemical defense system, with derived secondary metabolites: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, serquiterpene lactones and polyacetylenes. These compounds have their production and accumulation modified in response to environmental, ontogenetic and also hereditary variations. Thus, it is important to control and standardize all phases involved in the production of phytopharmaceuticals, from the selection of the initial plant material, the conditions of cultivation, post-harvest management and extraction methods of the bioactive compounds to final product. The objectives of this study were to evaluate using RAPD molecular markers, the genetic diversity of different populations of B. pilosa and T. diversifolia. Also analyze how the management of the growth conditions can influence the growth, the photosynthetic parameters, the production of secondary metabolites, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of these plants. B. pilosa presented low levels of similarity, indicating that the grouping found is not only related to the geographic proximity, but probably to the dispersion of seeds through of animals and the contamination of species cultivated with B. pilosa seeds, which facilitated the gene flow, enabling the population of distant sites to be grouped in a closer cluster due to their common origin. In the analyzes of T. diversifolia high levels of genetic diversity were found, not positively correlated with the proximity of geographic locations. Although it is often propagated by cuttings, T. diversifolia reproduces sexually, with a large number of seeds and presents an abundant variety of pollinators insects, characteristics that contribute to a greater variability genetic. Regarding the management of the cultivation conditions, in general, the fertilizer applications increased the photosynthesis and the total dry mass for the two species studied. However, the plants that did not receive fertilization had the highest levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity, a result related to the lower availability of nitrogen to no fertilized plants. These results indicate that there is an increase in the production of secondary metabolites when liquid photosynthesis decreases, resulting from the positive regulation of the shikimic acid in the pentose phosphate pathway. The species did not show cytotoxic activity in human lymphocytes while decreasing cell viability in sarcoma 180. It is important to standardize the management practices in Asteraceae cultivation in order to achieve high levels of phenolic compounds and biomass, linking the increasing of biological activity efficiency with increased productivity.
Ecologia funcional de comunidades arbóreas ambientalmente diversas: drivers fitofisionômicos, fingerprints de mudança climática e nicho ecológico.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-24) Lourenço Junior Jehová; Milanez, Camila Rozindo Dias; Enquist, Brian Joseph; Ventura, José Aires; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; Saleska, Scott; Newman, Erica
Efeitos de diferentes condições físicas e efluentes agrícolas sobre o cultivo de microalgas da família Scenedesmaceae como subsídio à aplicação biotecnológica.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-03-29) Costa, Adriano Goldner; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Dias Junior, Camilo; Lo Monaco, Paola Alfonsa Vieira; Almeida, Stéfano Zorzal de
Microalgae cultivation presents several applications of economic and environmental interest, such as obtaining compounds for human and animal food supplementation, waste water treatment and, more recently, the biofuels production. Studies with the light and temperature manipulation, as well as the use of agricultural effluents as alternative cultivation mediums, can make possible the increase of the microalgal biomass, reducing the production costs. In this study, the effects of different temperature conditions (25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC) and luminosity (without shading, 50% shading and 70% shading) on the Desmodesmus communis growth and biomass were evaluated. Different agricultural effluents concentrations (residual hydroponic solution of lettuce culture and biodigested swine residue) were also tested as alternative means for the Scenedesmus acuminatus cultivation, in order to evaluate its biotechnological potential, to minimize productive costs and to mitigate environmental impacts. Three treatments with different concentrations of each effluent (20%, 30% and 40% of the hydroponic residue, and 10%, 15% and 20% of the swine effluent) and a control with ASM1 synthetic medium were established. Growth analyzes, dry biomass, a and b chlorophyll, total carotenoids, water soluble protein content, total carbohydrates and lipids, fatty acid methyl esters profile, and nutrient removal percentage and electrical conductivity reduction of the mediums were performed. In the experiments with different temperatures and shading, D. communis showed great tolerance to the variations tested (25-35ºC and up to 50% shading), showing no significant differences between growth parameters, dry biomass and a chlorophyll. However, under shading 70% the microalga presented significant limitation on maximum cell yield, dry mass and chlorophyll. In the tests with the use of residual hydroponic solution and biodigested swine effluent, S. acuminatus acted as an efficient bioremediation agent, significantly reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of these residues (68,5-99,8%). The 40% hydroponic effluent culture was characterized by a microalgal biomass rich in proteins (44,2%), a and b chlorophyll (9799 µg.L-1 and 2730 µg.L-1 , respectively), carotenoids (4826 µg.L-1 ), besides fatty acids of great nutritional value, such as linolenic acid (19,5%), suggesting its use as a human and animal food supplement. The microalgae cultivation in swine effluent after biodigestion showed low efficiency in terms of productivity and useful biomass, being unviable to algal growth in concentrations higher than 10% residue. For the two evaluated effluents, the fatty acid methyl esters total content presented low yield (20,1-64,3 mg.g-1 ), which compromises their application in the industry for the biodiesel production. On the other hand, the high carbohydrate content in crops with 20% and 30% hydroponic effluent (44,1 and 34,4%, respectively), suggest its use in the bioethanol production. Based on the results, it was concluded that D. communis showed to be tolerant to variations in light and temperature, showing potential to be cultivated on a larger scale, and S. acuminatus showed high efficiency in the bioremediation of the tested agricultural effluents. In addition, in the cultures with residual hydroponic solution, it was possible to produce a microalgal biomass with great biotechnological potential.
Efeitos do evento sobre características estruturais, fisiológicas e bioquímica de mudas de Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) e uso do silício como amenizador do estresse
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-07) Fantinato, Dayana Effgen; Milanez, Camilla Rozindo Dias; Corte, Viviana Borges; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Aquije, Glória Maria de Farias Viégas; Souza, Carlos Alberto Spaggiari de
The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) is a perennial species, of arboreal origin originating in the Upper Amazon region. The economic importance of this species is mainly related to its seeds, which are used for the manufacture of chocolate. Within the national scenario, Espírito Santo occupies the 3th position as the largest producer, and most of this production is in the municipality of Linhares. In Espírito Santo, the cultivation of cacao began to be full sun. In this condition, the plants are more exposed to the action of winds. It is known that wind is characterized as an environmental variable that interferes with plant growth, however, little is known about its effects on the anatomical, physiological and biochemical characteristics of cacao. In an attempt to ameliorate abiotic stresses, silicate fertilization has shown promise with positive effects on growth, gas exchange and biochemical defenses. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the wind through the analysis of gas exchange, the morphoanatomic characteristics, the contents of structural carbohydrates and lignin on cocoa seedlings. From the results, the effects of a possible action of the silicon in the improvement of the behavior of the cacao tree in the face of the stress caused by wind were evaluated. For this, in a first experiment, seedlings grafted with the genotype PS-1319 of T. cacao were used in two areas, one being open, more exposed to the wind and another one consorted with banana trees, with lower wind incidence. Monthly growth analyzes were performed on these plants for 12 months and at the end of this period, leaf anatomy, gas exchange and the content of structural carbohydrates and lignin were evaluated. In the second experiment, seedlings of the same genotype were grown in nurseries and submitted to silicon treatments, applied to the leaf and soil, at concentrations of 2 mM and 1 mM, respectively. Later, the seedlings were submitted to a wind source with an average velocity of 2.25 m / s, from 11 am to 6 pm, for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, growth analysis, foliar anatomy, foliar and lignin carbohydrate content, gas exchange and biochemical analysis were performed. The results showed that the plants of the open area had higher density, stomatal conductance and greater photosynthesis. Anatomically, the leaves were thicker, presenting larger palisade and spongy parenchyma, greater abaxial and adaxial epidermis, besides a larger central vein and hemicellulose and lignin contents. However, there was a reduction in growth. The evaluation of the effects of silicon on the plants subjected to the wind showed that the silicate fertilization had a positive effect, promoting greater robustness, higher values of area and stem diameter, stomatal density and leaf thickness with increase of the vein, adaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma, improving the intrinsic efficiency of water use and lower transpiration, and having made the enzymatic activity efficient, providing energy savings
Efeitos dos ácidos múmicos extraídos de lodo de esgoto em Zea Mays L. sob restrição hídrica e estresse salino
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-03-16) Rocha, Lívia Dorsch; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Milanez, Camila Dias; Morales, Dania Elisa Christofoletti Mazzeo; Dobbss, Leonardo Barros
The lack of disposal of solid waste generated by sewage sludge treatment has motivated research in the area of cycling of these materials. One of the alternatives that has been investigated is an extraction of chemical substances and / or their bioactive fractions. Humic acid is one of the fractions most investigated due to its high interactivity with the vegetable promoting its growth through the biochemical development. It is also known that abiotic stress caused by water deficiency compromises the physiological plant development as well as its growth. (HA-LE- 2.0 mM C L-1 ) in maize seedlings stressed by NaCl- 100 mM (saline stress) and PEG 6000 (water restriction) by integrating elemental, physiological, biochemical, toxicogenic and of plant growth, seeking to evaluate the potential benefits / risks of using this biostimulant. A solution for the application of humic acid from sewage sludge was performed with hydroponics in maize seedlings with water restriction (PEG 6000 + NaCl) with application of acid (2.0 mM C L-1 ). Results of the quantification of the elements C, H, N and O on HA-LE indicated it as a source of nutrients for the plants due to the availability of these elements. Photosynthesis rates, such as carbon assimilation, transpiration and conductance, are shown to be attenuated in treatments with the addition of humic acid, both in saline stress and in water deficit. Growth rates corroborated with photosynthesis results indicating lower biomass loss of plant organs and higher root growth when related to treatments with humic acid under stress. In addition, biochemical antioxidant markers (SOD, APX) ratified the biochemical potential of HA-LE in increasing the defense of plants under water deficiency against reactive oxygen species. It was also observed higher activity of enzymes bound to plasma membrane permeability such as H+ -ATPases in treatments with humic material confirming this intrinsic characteristic. Another biochemical indicator of abiotic stress was the accumulation of the amino acid proline that was shown to be more efficient in stress plants with HA-LE addition. These plants are successful in LPP and electrolyte leakage and are less affected by their effects. In addition, a toxicogenic analysis did not indicate cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potentials in the treatments, thus evidencing greater safety with the use of AH-LE alection cell. Considering these results, it is possible to suggest a use of humic acid in plants stressed by water restriction as a remedy of the effects caused by water deficiency.
Efeitos dos resíduos de beneficiamento do café e do granito na fertilidade do solo e no desenvolvimento do milho (Zea mays L.)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-03-12) Campos, Luana Morati; Martins, André Guarçoni; Costa, Adelaide de Fátima Santana da; Milanez, Camilla Rozindo Dias; Silva, Diolina Moura; Guarçoni, Rogério Carvalho; Araújo, João Batista Silva
The sectors for the processing of ornamental stones and coffee are relevant to the economy of Espírito Santo. However, such industrial activities produce tons of waste daily and their reuse is a way to promote the sustainability of productive processes. The use of these residues in agriculture as sources of nutrients for plants is a process that requires studies that identify their influence on plant growth and soil attributes. Thus, this work is the product of three experiments, whose objectives were: 1) To evaluate the growth of maize plants (Zea mays L.) and leaf chlorophyll index, as well as soil fertility, due to application of increasing doses of granite processing waste obtained in multi wire saw and two liming levels; 2) To determine the growth and nutrient content in the aerial parts of maize plants, as well as the soil fertility, in function of increasing doses of the mix of dry sludge and ash from the industrial processes of soluble coffee and two liming levels; 3) To establish growth, foliar and root anatomy, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf chlorophyll and total carotenoid content, soluble carbohydrate content and nutrient concentration of aerial parts of maize plants, as well as determine the soil fertility characteristics due to the application of a dose of granite processing waste obtained in multi wire saw and the use of a dose of the mix of dry sludge and ash from industrial processes of soluble coffee with and without lime. The results show that both residues used in the experiments, without or with lime, can generally increase the values of the analyzed variables. In experiments 1 and 2, the application of increasing doses of the granite and coffee processing waste induced an increase on soil pH and a reduction on potential acidity (H+Al). In addition, the residues increased the sum of bases and soil nutrient contents, such as calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper. However, in the case of the application of granite processing waste, this provided an excessive increase of copper in the soil. The lime increased soil pH and reduced H+Al. Besides that, higher height, stem diameter and biomass occurred in relation to the control treatments. However, the copper content of granite processing waste and the caffeine of coffee processing waste may have made it impossible to increase these parameters. In the experiment 3, the treatments with granite processing waste plus simple superphosphate (SS) increased the phosphorus concentration in the soil in relation to the other treatments, while the treatments with coffee processing waste increased the contents of potassium, calcium and manganese in relation to the other treatments. The use of granite processing waste plus SS provided, as a rule, higher growth and nutrient content by mass of dry matter of the aerial part per vessel when compared to the use of coffee processing waste, which, in turn, provided higher values of these parameters in relation to non-application of waste. The addition of lime tended to increase the values of sum of bases, cation exchange capacity and base saturation, as well as some nutrients, in relation to the non-addition of lime. In addition, liming tended to increase pH and reduce H+Al, but in small magnitude. Generally, the application of both residues allowed the increment of the anatomical variables, of gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll a content and total soluble carbohydrates when compared to non-application of residues. The granite processing waste of diamond multi wire saw plus SS can be used at a dose of 10 t ha-1 per application and the coffee processing waste can be used at 29 t ha-1 , favoring the adequate initial growth of the maize plants, however, in greater evidence in the case of the use of the granite processing waste plus simple SS. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the agricultural use of these materials is an ecologically correct and economically viable option, which provides benefits to all parties involved in its generation and disposal.
Herbicida seletivo a partir de extratos de Piper Nigrum L.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-03-19) Nogueira, Enes Follador; Corte, Viviana Borges; Morais, Leandro Elias; Nascimento, Vitor de Laia; Werner, Elias; França, Hildegardo Seibert
The increase in world demand for food leads to a higher consumption of agrochemicals. In this scenario, Brazil emerges as one of the world's leading consumers of pesticides, especially herbicides (about 45% of total consumption), which are highly harmful to the environment and to human health. In this context, researches have investigated natural products with a more sustainable performance. In this sense, allelopathy is shown as a viable alternative. The objective of this research was to evaluate the allelopathic activity of Piper nigrum L. and piperine alkaloid seeds and leaves extracts on the germination and initial growth of Lactuca sativa L. and Panicum maximum Jacq. For this, the IVG parameters were evaluated; G; TMG; IA; the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and POX; soluble sugars and starch contents and the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in seedlings of Panicum maximum Jacq. (guinea grass), submitted to extracts containing piperine, aiming to understand the allelopathic effect of this alkaloid on the weed. Seed extracts of Piper nigrum L., in particular the EAQS800 extract, inhibited germination and initial growth of guinea grass without, however, significantly affecting the germination and initial growth of lettuce. The most abundant allelochemical found in the phytochemical prospecting of the pepper seeds extracts of the kingdom was the piperine alkaloid and, possibly, is the main component responsible for the allelopathic effect of these extracts on the weed. There was a reduction in the concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the plants exposed to EAQS800, however, a proportional increase of the starch concentration was also observed when compared to the control. There was an increase in the antioxidant activity of the POX enzyme accompanied by a reduction in the activity of the SOD and CAT enzymes, which probably promoted a lignification of the cell walls inhibiting the growth of the grass seedlings submitted to the extracts.
Influência diversidade genética, de fatores ambientais e da fenologia sobre o metabolismo secundário de Tithonia diversifolia HEMSL (ASTERACEAE).
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-05-04) Pretti, Irany Rodrigues; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Falquet, Antelmo Ralph; Cavatt, Paulo Cezar; Jamal, Claudia Masrouah; Kuster, Ricardo Machado
Tithonia diversifolia belongs to the Asteraceae family, is native from Mexico and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a plant used in countries of Central America, South America, Africa and Asia for the treatment of diseases as diabetes, malaria, abscesses, bruises, skin infections, gastric ulcer, diarrhea, menstrual cramps and wounds. More than 150 compounds were isolated from T. diversifolia, and their main chemical constituents are sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids and phenolic compounds derived from trans-cinnamic acid. Secondary metabolites act as a chemical interface between plants and the surrounding environment, so their synthesis is often affected by environmental conditions. The production of secondary metabolites is determined by four main factors: genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental. The quality of the phytotherapic product results from the interaction between the conditions of the growth site of the medicinal plants and the genetic characteristics of the population. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the genetic diversity of populations of T. diversifolia through RAPD genetic markers, as well as to analyze the influence of environmental and phenological factors in the production of phenolic compounds, besides the antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic activity of these plants. The results demonstrated high levels of genetic diversity were found, not positively correlated with geographical proximity, and the population of Santa Teresa (ST) presented a lower similarity than the others. T. diversifolia reproduces sexually, with abundant seed production and a great variety of pollinating insects, characteristics that contribute to a greater genetic variability. The levels of phenolic compounds were higher in the ST population at the vegetative stage, as well as, in general, also showed the higher antioxidant activity. Among the environmental factors considered, the temperature seems to act more significantly in the production of phenolic compounds in T. diversifolia. The phytochemical composition of plants may vary significantly during the phenological cycle. Therefore, it is very important to identify and select ideal ontogenic stages, to produce the largest quantities of bioactive compounds and guarantee homogeneity of the quality of the raw material. In general, the highest levels of phenolic compounds were found in the plants collected at the vegetative stage. The extract showed a higher cytotoxic activity on the cancer cell line (S180), which shows that the extract acts differentially in the two cell lines evaluated (S180 and human lymphocytes). This characteristic highlights that T. diversifolia presents therapeutic potential for the development of new drugs. The extract of the investigated plant showed no mutagenic activity in peripheral blood cells of mice. This study indicates that phytochemical and antioxidant variations among populations are influenced by genetic factors and phenological stage, as well as by environmental conditions.
Radiação UV-B e adubação silicatada sobre a morfologia, fisiologia e bioquímica de dois genótipos de Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-08-24) Zanetti, Leonardo Valandro; Milanez, Camilla Rozindo Dias; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Fastini; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Araújo, Anderson Geyson Alves de; Mengarda, Liana Hilda Golin
Several studies report the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) damaging effects on the growth and fundamental physiological processes from several species of cultivated plants. However, species have variable sensitivity to UV-B radiation, and silicon (Si) can act as reliever agent stress caused by this type of radiation, resulting in some cases in increased growth. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is considered one of the most important perennial crops because its seeds are the raw material for chocolate production. The cacao crop that is traditionally held in the shade, has given rise to growing in full sun, due to the higher productivity of plants in this condition, however, with higher maintenance costs. The plants in full sun are fully exposed to UV-B radiation which can damage the plant development. Technologies that enable higher performance of plants to stressful conditions is of great interest to producers, and in this context, silicon appears to be promising for presenting positive effects on plants in various environmental stresses. Based on growth, foliar anatomy and physiological and biochemical changes, the effects of UV-B radiation on leaves of two cacao genotypes (Catongo and PH16) with contrasting anthocyanin coloration were evaluated. Identified the most susceptible genotype to UV-B, it was determined the interactive effects of this radiation with plants fertilized with silicon, in order to determine a possible Si actions as reliever agent to UV-B. Finally, we investigated the location, morphology and chemical composition of the leaf crystals found in genotypes Catongo T. cacao, verifying the possible composition of some silicate crystals. For this, cacao seedlings of two genotypes, Catongo and PH16, were kept in controlled growth conditions for 42 days, being submitted to two levels of UV-B (0 and 3 KJ m-2 day-1 ) and two concentrations of Si at fertilization (0 and 2 mM). The Catongo genotype was characterized as the most susceptible and was therefore the genotype selected to evaluate the effect of Si on plants exposed to UV-B radiation. Leaf growth, foliar anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, polyphenols, soluble carbohydrates, lignin, mucilage, antioxidant enzymes, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content and silicon content were analyzed. In addition, leaf sections and isolated crystals were analyzed by means of transmissible and polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and crystals chemical composition was determined by histochemical tests, X-ray microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. The data showed that both genotypes suffered leaf damage with exposure to UV-B radiation, however it was more evident in the Catongo genotype, which showed a high energy cost with metabolic alterations. In contrast, the PH16 genotype showed tolerance to UV-B radiation, presenting higher energy efficiency with a high biomass gain. The evaluation of Si effect on Catongo plants submitted to UV-B, showed that the silicate fertilization acted in a regulated way with the radiation, providing energy savings by reducing carbon consumption from respiration and productions the chlorophyll pigments, anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenols, leading to a greater accumulation of biomass. Finally, the investigations related to the T. cacao leaf crystals revealed a high diversity of shapes and chemical composition on the observed crystals such as calcium oxalate, silica or a mixture of these two.
Relação do fluxo de íons (H+) em raízes com as atividades alelopáticas e mutagênicas do extrato etanólico e da nanodispersão de Mikania glomerata Spreng.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-19) Barcelos, Monique Ellen Farias; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; França, Hildegardo, Seibert; Wener, Elias Terra; Sena, Geralda Gillian Siva; Delarmelina, Juliana Macedo
Mikania glomerata Spreng is a very studied species on the ethnopharmacological aspect and production of secondary compounds, such as coumarins. These compounds have been associated with the use of nanoparticles which are used to associate plant-active compounds, that are poorly soluble, increasing the bioavailability of these. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the ionic capacity of the extract and nanodispersion of the content of coumarin (0.001; 0.002; 0.004; 0.008 and 0.016 mg/mL) of Mikania, relating this ability with a potential allelopathic and mutagenic activity in Roots of Lactuca sativa and Allium Cepa. The H + flow was determined in the root elongation zone using selective ion vibratory system. Allelopathic activity was evaluated by the germination test. After its protrusion, the roots were photographed and analyzed in ImageJ software. To evaluate the mutagenic activity, the seeds were germinated on Petri dishes in triplicate and received 5mL of Mikania extract in the same concentrations used for nanodispersion, in addition to the groups: pure Coumarin 0.002 mg/mL (CuP); Positive control methylmethosulfonate at 4x10-4M (MMS)-as positive control-and negative control (distilled water). After root protrusion, slides were made for analysis of the mitotic index and possible chromosomal abnormalities. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and test of averages (p < 0.05). The flow of H +, in the dose-response curve, indicated the concentration of 0.002 mg/mL, being the best concentration for comparison to the other treatments. It was also possible to observe that all treatments promoted inhibition of the H + flow when compared to the negative control. Similarly, it was found in the flow of coumarin content in nanodispersion, in which it was possible to evidence an oscillation, according to the concentrations analyzed. This result may be related to the inhibition of seed germination, abnormal cell differentiation and reduction of plant growth. In the analysis of allelopathic activity, it was observed that Lactuca sativa showed a higher decrease in the percentage of germination and a more expressive increase in the index of Allelpathy, when compared to Allium Cepa, at the concentration of 0, 004mg/mL of coumarin content in the extract. However, for the test with nanodispersion, it was evidenced that, in both testing organisms, there was a significant drop in germination and/or inhibition of germination, when compared to control, providing greater allelopathic activity. As for the mutagenic activity, in continuous treatment, the CuP promoted a greater clastogenic effect, indicating that the isolated coumarin promotes more damage to the plant cell than when associated with other compounds present in the Guaco extract. In the discontinuous treatment of the extract, it was possible to verify that, for 24h, 48h, and for the treatment of recovery, there was a decrease in the mitotic index. In the 24h treatment, the concentration of 0, 001mg/mL had a clastogenic effect when compared to the negative control.
Respostas ecofisiológicas e reprodutivas de Allagoptera arenaria (Arecaceae) às mudanças climáticas globais em ambiente de restinga
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-12-20) Zani, Liliane Baldan; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Menezes, Luiz Fernando Tavares de; Silva, Diolina Moura; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; Vitória, Angela Pierre; Souza, Marcelo Costa
The speed with which climate changes are occurring is a massive threat to the environment. It is not known how the plants will respond to these changes, since there is little information about their ecophysiological responses to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. In this way, it is important to identify the possible vulnerabilities of species in global climate change scenarios. The objective of this work was to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of temperature increase (2 °C) and rainfall volume (25 %) on biomass production, reproductive phenology, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence of Allagoptera arenaria in restinga environment open top chambers (OTC's) and rain gutters. A total of 40 A. arenaria shrubs were selected from four treatments, open-control environment (C), 25 % (P) rainfall increase, 2 °C (T) temperature increase and 2 °C and pluviometric volume in 25 % (TP). The results showed that OTC's and gutters were effective in simulating the effects of proposed climate changes. The values of aerial biomass variation were higher for the TP treatment when compared to the T treatment, which, in turn, presented more reproductive cycles throughout the evaluated period. In this way it was possible to verify two different aspects between the results in the sense of allocation between biomass and reproduction. Plants submitted to TP treatment had the highest rates of assimilation of CO2 (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E), while T treatment presented the lowest rates in the samplings initially. As for the interaction between the photosynthetic variables, it was possible to affirm that in the months of November/2015, February/2016 and June/2016 there was a greater variation between the variables of gas exchange, whereas in November/2016 there were few significant alterations between these variables. The treatment T presented a considerable reduction in transient responses of chlorophyll a fluorescence and the increase in pluviometric volume contributed to soften the effects of temperature increase in TP treatment. In P, no differences were observed in relation to the control for the analyzes performed. With the climatic changes it is possible that, A. arenaria develops mechanisms to survive the temperature increase and the increase of the pluviometric volume can favor this process. Possible future temperature increases may shorten the reproductive cycle of A. arenaria in an attempt to guarantee the adaptive and evolutionary success of this species. In the restinga environment, this species already deals with adverse conditions and higher 10 temperature tolerance can be acquired as a mechanism of adaptation to the altered growth environment.

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