Energia

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17604

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 111

Investigação do leito de jorro como reator em potencial de pirólise de partículas cartonadas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-16) Marques, Ícaro Ibrahim Dias de Rodrigues; Bacelos, Marcelo Silveira; Arrieche, Leonardo da Silva; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de; Neves, Fernando Luiz
Currently, pyrolysis has received special attention because of its potential application in areas that constitute challenges of the contemporary world, among which stand out the need for renewable energy production and the issue of solid waste management. Among the modern solid wastes, the post-consumer carton packaging highlights due to the high value-added of the primary products (aluminum and paraffin, obtained from its pyrolysis), and coal presenting high calorific value that can be used as fuel to increase the energy efficiency of the process. For presenting good gas-solid contact, high rates of heat and mass transfer and low particle segregation, the conical spouted bed arises as an efficient alternative for the pyrolysis of carton packaging. In this context, in an attempt to use conical spouted beds (CSBs) as a pyrolysis reactor, this present research aims at analyzing the carton particles fluid dynamics in CSBs. To achieve this goal, the fluid dynamics behavior of carton disks mixtures with particles of different specific masses, namely, polyethylene and sand, was investigated. Experimental data of bed pressure drop as a function of air velocity were obtained and analyzed. The operating conditions employed in the conical spouted bed were simulated by CFD technique. For beds composed of polyethylene and carton disks in a range of mass proportion of 20 and 50% carton disk, the analyses established in this research show that the spouting regime is established. For beds comprise mixtures with 5 and 10% carton disk (in mass) stable spouting regime was achieved. At the set of operating conditions, the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model applied with Syamlal-O‟Brien drag model can qualitatively predict the typical fluid dynamics behavior of a conical spouted bed operating with mixtures of non-spherical particles. An analysis of reuse of the carton packaging via pyrolysis, from the energy and environmental points of view, shows that a large amount of bauxite and energy can be saved due to aluminum which is recovered in the process.
Tratamento de água oleosa por eletrofloculação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-19) Gobbi, Lorena Cristina Abrahão; Porto, Paulo Sérgio da Silva; Rocha, Sandra Mara Santana; Lisbôa, Antonio Carlos Luz
An electroflocculation technique using aluminum electrodes to separate oil from synthetic oily water with an average concentration of 200 mg/L of crude oil was used. To evaluate the viability of the technique, the percentage of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil and grease content removed, the concentration of total solids, volatile and stable, electrical conductivity, pH, total alkalinity and acidity of the oily effluent samples during treatment were found. We also estimated the operational energy cost for the application of the technique. In this work we built a reactor electrolyte bench with capacity of 4 liters. In its interior, aluminum electrodes were connected in parallel arrangement to a polarity inversor plate and to an external power source. Preliminary tests were carried out to find the best area of electrode to volume of effluent ratio for the COD removal. From these tests, we used the largest electrode (13.0 X 6.5 X 0.2 cm) because it presented the best condition (about 90%). The results show an increase in pH and alkalinity, reduction in acidity, while electric conductivity and concentration of solids showed little deviation during the treatment. The average percent removal was 96% of oil and grease content, while the COD was 81%. The effluent resulting from the electrolysis was qualitatively transparent to the visible eye. Statistical analysis for electrical conductivity and total solids showed that they depend significantly on the concentration of electrolyte (NaCl) in the medium. For COD and oil and grease content, only the distance between the electrodes was a significant factor. The variation of initial pH was not significant in relation to the variables. As for the energy cost, the electroflocculation costs on average R$ 0.32 / m3 , the electrode consumption was 0.60 g and the operating cost R$ 3.41 / m3 . These results show that it is possible to use the technique in oily water treatment due to better technical and economic values, compared with the literature.
Rotas de aproveitamento tecnológico de resíduo orgânico agrícola : casca de coco, casca de cacau e casca de café : destinadas à geração de energia
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-03-06) Batista, Renato Rocha; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Arrieche, Leonardo da Silva; Bacelos, Marcelo Silveira; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de; Sartori, Dermeval José Mazzini
The availability of agricultural waste for bioenergy generation come to propose the recent interest by agroenergy sector. For this goal, this dissertation show a bibliografic study for waste characterization of cocoa bark, coconut bark and coffee bark in according to bioenergy technologies: anaerobic digestion, pyrolisys and direct combustion. Its made analysis of technology route possibilities for transform the energy potencial from fruit waste composition in electric energy. The objective its towards the structural synthesis of chemical process by problem representation with process state trees. From the combination of elements of study: fruit waste, biomass processing technology and chemical conversion technologies; its proposed the possibilities of technology routes for elaborate the branches of state trees. The step of structural optimization its based in applied the heuristics method towards the syntesys problem. Thus, its selected the most promised technology route of energetic use of each waste. As a result, the anaerobic digestion in batch reactor was the better option for cocoa bark. For a coconut bark, the chemistry route more adequated was the direct combustion, realized in boiled fixed grid; and for a coffee bark, the thermochemical pyrolysis conversion preceded by pelletization compactation showed more promised. As contribution from this work of dissertation stands out the possibility of energetic valorization of fruit waste untill then considered useless for energetic sector. The problem representation by systematic of state trees and after applied solution by heuristics rules show the originality from this proposed work.
Uma abordagem heurística para o problema de roteamento de sondas de intervenção bi-objetivo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-08-18) Bissoli, Dayan de Castro; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Ribeiro, Glaydston Mattos; Lorenzoni, Luciano Lessa; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Silva, Roney Pignaton da
Throughout the productive life of oil wells, some interventions known as workovers are usually necessary. These repairs, are held by intervention rigs and are essential to maintain production or possibly improve it, these being scarce and expensive. Given a set of wells requiring maintenance and a heterogeneous fleet of rigs, each rig with a specific starting position, the Workover Rig Routing Problem (WRRP) consists in finding routes for the rigs so that the total loss of production of wells within a planning horizon is minimized. The route of a rig is considered feasible if it has the necessary equipment to carry out all the maintenance of associated wells and respect the stipulated planning horizon. In the literature, many authors have proposed models and solution methods for the WRRP mono-objective, i.e., trying to minimize just the total loss of production, not considering the rental of rigs. Therefore, this paper studies the WRRP bi-objective which minimizes both the total loss of production of the wells and the rental costs of rigs. We implemented an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search metaheuristic for this problem, which was tested considering instances proposed in the literature as well as from new situations proposed in this paper, in order to approach the problem in real-life context. The results of this research show that although the minimization the total loss of production is an a very important objective, the variation of the rental cost of the probes and as oil prices affect in the definition process of routes.
Análise do leito de jorro como sistema de contato para pirólise de compósito PEBD/AL
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-11) Melo, Jardel Leno Zancanella; Bacelos, Marcelo Silveira; Ferreira, Maria do Carmo; Arrieche, Leonardo da Silva; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de; Pereira, Fábio de Assis Ressel
In the last decade, several routes of waste cartons reusing have been proposed in the literature. Among other recovery processes, pyrolysis of carton residues has been highlighted due to make possible the manufacture of products with high added value, such as paraffin oils and aluminum bars. Recently, the spouted bed has been investigated as a promising reactor for pyrolysis of solids, due to its high rate of thermal exchange. However, in order to occur the pyrolysis appropriately is essential the study about the dynamics of air flow between solid residues in conical spouted bed. Thus, this research aims to analyze the flow of the LDPE/Al composite (in the form of pellets, ds = 2,58 mm) and mixtures of LDPE/Al composite and sand (ds = 2.58 mm) in a conical spouted bed. The experimental data of pressure drop are measured by a differential pressure transducer. These are assigned to an A/D interface, National Instruments. and processed on a computer by data acquisition program developed with Labview 10.0. The data of velocity of air are obtained by frequency inverter, which accompanies the experimental apparatus. The Eulerian model is used to describe the flow of air-solid in conical spouted bed. The equations of the model are addressed using the technique of computational fluid dynamics with the finite volume method, using a structured two-dimensional mesh. Among the tested turbulence models, the k-ɛ model dispersed seems to be appropriate to predict characteristic fluid dynamic behavior of the bed. The CFD simulations are adequate in this case study, underestimating the experimental values, where data for the minimum spouting velocity (Vmj), pressure drop of minimum spouting (ΔPmj) and maximum pressure drop in the bed (ΔPmax) have a maximum deviation of -13.5; -9.5 and -23, respectively. Analyzing the stability of the bed, to use mixtures with LDPE/Al composite mass fraction between 20 and 40% is recommended.
Quartzo como estabilizante contra a fotodegradação de polímeros transparentes de painéis solares fotovoltáicos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-19) Emmerich, Wilson Obéd; Proveti, José Rafael Cápua; Muniz, Eduardo Perini; Porto, Paulo Sérgio da Silva; Silva, Igor Alessandro
Plastic transparent materials exposed to solar light suffer photodegradation due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. One particular case is the yellowing of the encapsulating polymeric material of solar panels with correspondent reduction in light transmittance to the silicon layer and loss in efficiency of the panel. In a recent work, Carvalho (2011), quartz particles were produced and submitted to gamma rays irradiation and they worked as stabilizer against photodegradation of a quartz + EVA compound. In the present research we tested other, lower cost, paths using quartz but without gamma rays irradiation. Only heat treatments and mowing were used. A new methodology was developed, including a quality factor to evaluate the adequacy of the samples to the protection of plastics against photodegradation. After heat treatments at temperatures ranging from ambient to 1100°C for 3 or 6 hours, the quartz samples were macerated in agate mortar or mowed in a spheres mill. The two kind of mowing reduced the average particle size. Mowing in a spheres mill also reduced crystalline grain size. Both effects, that is, reduction in grain and particle size, as well as the increase in quality factor, happen in the first minutes of mowing (15 min in the spheres mill) or maceration. Mowing for longer times do not change appreciatively the quality factor. The quality factors of our samples are similar or better than those from samples produced by Carvalho (2011) and that protected successfully polymeric films against photodegradation.
Estudo do escoamento laminar sólido-líquido em anular excêntrico empregando a técnica de dinâmica de fluidos computacional
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-15) Facuri, Rafael Manache; Ribeiro, Daniel da Cunha; Pereira, Fabio de Assis Ressel; Siqueira, Renato do Nascimento; Romero, Oldrich Joel
Exploration techniques such as horizontal wells to increase production efficiency have been practiced but it brings a challenging scenario for the operation, which includes the transport of cuttings during the drilling operation. Several parameters affect the efficiency of the transport including mainly properties of the drilling fluid and the characteristics of the drilling system. Besides the wide range of variables, and their interactions, which affects this efficiency and makes this study difficult, the real conditions in which these variables are applied as high temperature and pressure, it makes the challenge even more complex, especially because these conditions are not always possible to be reproduced in experimental units. In this sense the multiphase flow phenomenon of carrying cuttings by the drilling fluid was modeled through the technique of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The computational model was based on the Eulerian Granular approach for simulating the solid-liquid multiphase flow in a laminar regime and the model was validated by the experimental data from Yu et al. (2007). With this model the fluid dynamics of a non-Newtonian fluid Bingham plastic was analyzed in a horizontal column with eccentricity of 13.74 mm (offset) studying the effects of the drilling fluid flow, the drilling pipe rotation and penetration rate in the efficiency of cuttings removal, using central composite design with 16 runs. The comparison of the experimental results of Yu et al. (2007) and the model showed good agreement with average deviations of |6.6%|. That said, it was possible to elucidate the order of magnitude of the effects of the variables on the cutting removal and the pressure drop, giving special attention for the maximizing effect of drilling pipe rotation on the hole cleaning efficiency and for the important effect of fluid flow on the pressure drop. However, the flow had insignificant effect on the cuttings concentration, showing that within the tested range of laminar flow, the hole cleaning efficiency is little affected by flow of the drilling fluid. The results of the numerical simulations agreed with the results found in the literature.
Estudo numérico da movimentação da válvula de pé do sistema de bombeio mecânico com hastes
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-19) Nico Filho, Gelson Heraldo; Ribeiro, Daniel da Cunha; Romero, Oldrich Joel; Silva, César Augusto Sodré da; Pereira, Fabio de Assis Ressel
The downhole pump of artificial lift method sucker rod pumping is a component that has the highest number of failures when working with heavy oils, due to this fact, this work employs a numerical analysis of the fluid inside this equipment. The analysis focused primarily understanding the behavior of the standing valve, one of the most important components of the pump, and its influence on the flow inside the pump. The analysis parameters are fill rate of the shirt, Pressure Drop, difficulties in closing and predict the occurrence of pump off. The study uses a typical pump system geometry, which was built using Inventor ® 3D CAD the real 3D geometric conditions. The Ansys Fluent version 14.5 software was used to solve the coupled equation system of fluid flow and motion of the standing valve, considered rigid. The final computational model allowed to judge if the type of bottom pump chosen is adequate and predict the occurrence of pump off, in order to achieve a longer service life of the downhole pump and evaluate the best performance upon various operating conditions. As a final product, was obtained a tool for the analysis of standing valves pumps background in order to avoid premature failure.
Logística reversa do óleo residual de fritura para produção de biodiesel do Distrito Municipal de Kampfumo-Cidade de Maputo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-17) Matavel, Nilza Isabel; Ribeiro, Glaydston Mattos; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Meneguelo, Ana Paula
Waste frying oil (WFO) is a household waste, which causes a negative impact in social, economic and environmental level, when it is improperly discarded. The alternative of the improper disposal is the recycling, which enables the production of a range of profitable products, where biodiesel is highlighted. The use of WFO as a complementary input in Mozambican biodiesel production system, has the potential to strengthen, complement, and expand the development of this sector. The introduction of WFO, will add the value of the sector, and can benefit the rural electrification projects, reducing vulnerability to gastric diseases, pollution prevention, and reduction of diesel imports. In this context, this paper, present the projection of a reverse logistics network to enable the collection and transport of WFO, to ensure their adequate supply for reuse especially for the production of biodiesel in municipal district KaMpfumo. The links / bonds of the network proposed are the producer of WFO and the logistical facilities to enable the reverse process, the returns centers and pre-treatment centers. The mathematical model proposed, was based on a variant of p-Median problem for facilities location. The resolution method was Mixed Integer Linear Programming, implemented in C/C++, and tested with CPLEX. The model was powered by scenarios that evaluated the hypotheses proposed in the study. The scenarios analysis allow to evaluate the hypothesis proposals, estimating the current situation of the WFO collection, the elevation of this collection through population growth over the next years and through implementation of the legal framework proposed to impulse the biodiesel production. The results of modeling generated the opening of 12 returns centers and one pretreatment center for all scenarios. The results show that the collected volume of ORF is the main factor of varying costs of scenarios, and the operating costs and the transportation costs are those with the highest values in the reverse logistic proposed. This work contributes to the decision-making processes regarding the WFO management, and the diversification of raw material to biodiesel production in these country.
Comportamento reológico de emulsões do tipo água em óleo de petróleos pesados : estudo experimental e avaliação de correlações empíricas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-05-07) Ferraz, Ludian Anacleto; Pereira, Fábio de Assis Ressel; Castro, Eustaquio Vinicius Ribeiro de; Meneguelo, Ana Paula; Machado, André Luiz de Castro
In general, when the oil fields get older the amount of produced water increases. This increase tends to cause the undesirable situations, such as the production of stable emulsions with high viscosities that to be pumped require larger capacity equipment, besides, they demand more energy for processing. From the point of view of project design, another disadvantage is the uncertainty found in the thermo-hydraulic calculations of pipes due to the use of inadequate information in regard to the rheological properties of emulsions. Inadequate predictions can result in incorrect sizing of equipment with potential economic impacts. In this work, in order to evaluate some of the main empirical correlations, aimed at predicting viscosities of the water-in-oil emulsions (W/O) and present in two of the most prominent multiphase flow simulators (OLGA® , PIPESIM® ), were collected four (4) oil samples from oil wells from petroleum fields of the North Capixaba, with API degree between 13 and 23, and through Design of Experiments (DOE), the influence of the temperature, volume fraction of dispersed phase and shear rate on the relative viscosities of the emulsions were evaluted. The effect of volume fraction of the dispersed phase proved to be highly significant, while the effect of temperature and shear rate proved to be insignificant. By way of further testing was possible to compare empirical correlations proposed in the literature and conclude that the correlations Brinkman (1952), Vand (1948) and Pal and Rhodes (1989) showed satisfactory results for predicting the behavior of emulsions produced by heavy oil.
Desenvolvimento de método de extração-floculação por aplicação de ondas ultrassônicas em óleo lubrificante usado
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-11) Souza, Felipe Oliveira; Vicente, Maristela de Araujo; Santos, Maria de Fátima Pereira dos; Bizzi, Cezar Augusto; Araujo, Jesuina Cassia Santiago de
This paper proposes an innovative process based on the use of ultrasonic waves (US) for the decontamination of used lubricating oils. The proposed system consisted of applying a sound field through a US bath where the contaminated used lube oil, was (OLUC) mixed with solvents, as ethanol, 2- propanol and 1-butanol inside a cylindrical containers in the ratio 1: 3, respectively. Approximately 20.0 L of pool of lubricating oils contaminated coming from medium and small vehicles were collected in dealership representative of the northern region of the Holy Spirit. The best optimized conditions of operate were: 30 °C temperature; 20 minutes and 37 kHz of US frequenc. The incorporation of OLUC solvents was carried out at 60 °C for 5 XVIII min magnetic stirring at 250 rpm. After the extraction and flocculation operations, the recovered oil was subjected to the determination of their physicochemical properties as ANP Ordinance 130/1999. The analysis identified that the oil recovered by the use of US and 1-butanol has the best overall performance (≈ 80.0% w/w) and properties with fewer acidity (0.0141 mg KOH/g), lower viscosity index (97), lower water content (0.07% w/w) and lower ferromagnetic severity index (1.44). By comparing the developed method, other methods extraction by mechanical or magnetic stirring, it was observed that the application of ultrasound increases the process yield of at least 25% (w/w) and reduces total process time of at least 16 hours. The extraction and flocculation promoted by ultrasonic waves and solvents reduces the energy and the time required. In order to reduce environmental impacts and overall process efficiency, the method developed in this study is very promising.
Um estudo sobre a viabilidade técnico-financeira de instalação de um parque eólico offshore na região norte do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-26) Santos, Karla Rossini Gomes; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Celeste, Wanderley Cardoso; Rocha, Helder Roberto de Oliveira
The generation of electrical energy by using wind power has improved over the last decade, what explains wide enterprising, especially in Brazil, however it is not noticed a substantial investment in the state of Espírito Santo (ES). The main detail of this kind of renewal energy is the fact that the winds, along the terrestrial surface, do not have a constant speed. Consequently, the wind turbine works with unstable speed. It requires the generator among the wind turbine being able to generate electrical energy with stable frequency in a certain level of speed variation, making visible the need of studies to define the analyze and the viability of this enterprising, what motivated the present research, which the goal is to show a technical and simple study around the area of Urussuquara and a simple financial analyze about a local demanding for energy in order to start a discussion about the viability to install an offshore wind farm in the state of Espírito Santo. Besides the technical and financial viability, it is also necessary to consider the contribution of a wind park in the Espírito Santo by increasing and diversifying the energy of the state, decreasing by this way the dependence of thermoelectric plant and other states that generate electrical energy. The study was performed for Urussuquara Island – ES, seeking to supply the demand of energy performed by the city of São Mateus during 2014 which was 170.590MWh. The outcoming result showed that would be necessary seven windmills of 6MW of power to supply such need. A simplified financial analyze based in payback showed that such investment would be recovered within 6 years and 3 months, what compares to a part of lifetime of a wind farm, therefore it is possible to conclude such enterprising would be, indeed, affordable through the technical and financial view as well.
Análise do potencial técnico do sequestro geológico de CO² na Bacia do Espírito Santo onshore e offshore
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-09-01) Zucatelli, Pedro Junior; Meneguelo, Ana Paula; Silva, Carlos André Maximiano da; Silva, César Augusto Sodré da; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de; Ribeiro, Daniel da Cunha
According to the Kyoto Protocol, planning an ecologically sustainable future is the greatest challenge of the 21st Century. Current patterns of energy resources and energy use are shown detrimental to the welfare of mankind in the long run. The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk because of the climate change caused by the intense emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In this context, the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is a promising activity that aims to reduce the emission of gases responsible by the greenhouse effect and climate change mitigation through CO2 capture, transport and storage in suitable geological formations (saline aquifers, coal reservoirs, oil and gas reservoirs). Therefore, inserted in this context, this dissertation has how objective analysis of the technical potential for carbon capture and geological sequestration of Espírito Santo onshore and offshore basin addressing amenable geologic environments to the application of CCS projects, phases that make up these projects, their investments and operational costs and the development of mathematical modeling for the calculations regarding the storage capability and calculation of estimated financial profitability along with its execution through the sale of extra oil produced by the advanced recovery technique of oil and the sale of carbon credits. For that, this project had how methodological strategy: the exploratory research and review of the literature on the subject, the collection of secondary data, via document analysis, and xx collecting primary data via interviews with experts and participation in national and international congress geared for the theme. Therefore, it is concluded that CCS projects are possible deployment in the state of Espírito Santo, this is because in addition to the geological structure of oil and gas reservoirs in the Espírito Santo basin contribute to good results (as, in most cases, are sandstone reservoirs with presence of seal rock), the potential of saline aquifers and the potential of hydrocarbon fields studied in this dissertation (Golfinho, Inhambú, Fazenda Alegre, Cação, Canapu, Cangoá, Peroá and Camarupim) deserve national recognition; however, the lack of maturity of the private and public sectors, with respect to the management of projects of this nature and their widespread use, prevents the advancement of such technologies in the state of Espírito Santo and therefore in Brazil.
Síntese e análise do processo de secagem artificial de amêndoas de cacau
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-09-23) Jesus, Patrick Araujo de; Bacelos, Marcelo Silveira; Arrieche, Leonardo da Silva; Ferreira, Margarete Martins Pereira; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de
The thermal drying is present in the processing of raw materials for various industries such as petrochemical, pulp, agricultural, pharmaceutical and food stage. Often is conducted at low energy efficiency. However, studies for the classification of convective dryers through the heuristic method has been frequently discussed. In this sense, we propose to study the drying of Cocoa beans to be a very important regional product to northern Espírito Santo state, using a fixed bed dryer, typically used for drying raw materials of regional interest sensitive to breakage and excessive temperature. The work steps involve the establishment of the synthesis problem, determination of viable structure for the drying process, recognition and use of experimental unit, sample preparation, driving tests, determination of properties, analysis of the drying experiments, analysis of the experimental data and process performance. Hopefully, with this study, the classification of the best dryer for the product to be dried in the process of convective drying, so that we can analyze not only the kinetics of drying, moisture profiles, speed, temperature, shrinkage material, analysis of energy efficiency, but also predict the evolution of form and the consequent degradation of his physical integrity, thereby contributing to the scientific evolution of drying processes, through convection, based on fundamental knowledge of transport phenomena, and process control.
Produção de lipases por fermentação em estado sólido utilizando cepas fúngicas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-10-09) Teixeira, Rogério Danieletto; Pinotti, Laura Marina; Rodrigues, Celso; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Brito, Ana Beatriz Neves
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze reactions of great industrial interest, it can be used in biodiesel synthesis, which is an alternative and biodegradable fuel produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main objetive of this work was to study the lipase production using fungi Penicillium sp e Rhizomucor sp for solid-state fermentation (SSF). In this work, fermentation for the production of lipases used as a substrate sugar cane bagasse. Firstly, preliminary experiments were performed in order to test the best particle size bagasse (0,6 to 1,18 or 0,6 mm to 2,0 mm), the use or absence of a nutritive solution or chemical pretreatment (peroxide or acid-basic) that should be used in order to improve the availability of the carbon source for microorganisms. After preliminary tests , we sought to optimizing cultivation conditions being studied temperatures of 28ºC , 33ºC and 38ºC , humidity levels of 60%, 70 % and 80 % and those in olive oil inducer concentrations of 5 % 7.5 % to 10 % according to the experimental planning 3³, with central points, totalling 29 trials. The maximum lipase activity (0,470 IU/g ) for Penicillium sp was obtained under the conditions of 33 ° C, 80% humidity and 10 % of the inductor , the same conditions for maximum lipase activity to Rhizomucor sp (0.583 IU/g). To the Penicillium sp., the Temperature (Q) and Humidity (L) were significant to 95% of confidence, otherwise, to the Rhizomucor sp, the Humidity (L), the Humidity (Q) and the inductor (L) were significant to 95% of confidence. After lyophilisation of the enzyme extract , transesterification was performed from fat with a fat case of a large company of Vitória, obtaining 56.72 % yield for the crude extract of the fermentation of Penicillium sp. and 59.47 % for the crude extract of fermented Rhizomucor sp.
Utilização de resíduo industrial como carga mineral para a produção de tinta
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-10-15) Porto, Anderson Sales; Yoshioka, Carlos Minoru Nascimento; Pietre, Mendelssolm Kister de; Brito, Ana Beatriz Neves
The use of waste materials in the production of new products, in addition to reducing the impact of production processes on the environment, it also helps to reduce the use of natural resources and contributes to energy savings. Lime mud is a solid waste generated from the pulp production process; it is usually send to the industrial landfill as waste, however, lime mud is composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and has favorable characteristics for further study in order to increase their use. Most studies in the literature show lime mud use for soil acidity correction. From this perspective, the purpose of this work was to study the possibility of using lime mud as filler in waterborne architectural paints production and as, a result of such use, demonstrate energy savings opportunity. In this work, in addition to the energy consumption survey of the mineral filler production process used to produce waterborne architectural paint, six lime mud samples from the production process of a pulp industry were characterized and the results were compared with a standard mineral filler sample used commercially for the paint production, it was also characterized. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), specific surface area, particle size by laser diffraction, pH, brightness, color, CaCO3 content and they were subjected to oil absorption, hiding power and contrast ratio analysis. Paint samples were prepared with standard filler and with lime mud. The paint samples were subjected to pH, hiding power, contrast ratio, brightness and color analysis. An examination of the results, led to the conclusion that the industrial waste "lime mud" can be used as a mineral filler to produce waterborne architectural paints; besides providing an economic advantage in the paint formulation, its use contributes to energy savings, environmental impact reduction and use of natural resources
Análise experimental e numérica do escoamento ar-areia-compósito PEBD/Al em leito fluidizado
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-12-15) Freitas, Thaís Magnago; Ribeiro, Daniel da Cunha; Bacelos, Marcelo Silveira; Siqueira, Renato do Nascimento; Arrieche, Leonardo da Silva
In the current context in which is endorsed the maximum energy use on recovery routes of solid waste, pyrolysis is a promising technique. In the context of carton packaging waste, this technology is the only one that allows aluminum recovery. In large-scale production, the fluidized bed reactor becomes a promising technique of gas-solid contact system for pyrolysis of polyethylene-aluminum composite (LDPE/Al). However, it still needs a better understanding of polyethylene-aluminum particles fluid dynamics in fluidized bed. In this sense, this study aims to analyze the fluid dynamics behavior of composite (ρs = 1039 kg/m³, ds = 550 µm) and sand (ρs = 2567 kg/m³, ds = 550 µm) particles in fluidized bed in order to contribute to the application of this reactor in pyrolysis of carton packaging waste. To achieve that goal, fluid dynamics tests are carried out to obtain experimental data of pressure drop and bed height as functions of air velocity. A multifluid Eulerian model with granular flow extension is used to simulate the multiphase flow using computational fluid dynamic. The minimum fluidization velocity is obtained through experimental characteristic curve and equations from literature. Its values decrease as the mass fraction of composite in mixture increase, with experimental values of 0,32; 0,30; 0,28; 0,24; 0,22 and 0,13 m/s for systems operating with sand, mixture 1 (95% sand), mixture 2 (90% sand), mixture 3 (80% sand ), mixture 4 (70% sand) and composite, respectively. Restricted to the conditions studied, the flow patterns present in polyethylene-aluminum and sand fluidization are: fixed bed, bubbling fluidized bed and slugging fluidized bed. For the fluidized bed operating with mixtures of composite and sand the segregation phenomena is undesirable and only occurs for low air velocities. The Syamlal-O’Brien (1989) parametric momentum exchange coefficient was appropriate to perform the polyethylene-aluminum flow in fluidized bed. The fluid dynamic behavior investigation of these mixtures in fluidized bed is a fundamental step to determine the ratio of sand and composite and optimal operating conditions to be used in the pyrolysis of these waste.
Análise do potencial do leito de jorro como reator para pirólise da casca de coco : estudo experimental e simulação via CFD
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-01-25) Barcelos, Kamilla Malverdi; Ribeiro, Daniel da Cunha; Lira, Taisa Shimosakai de; Freitas, Rodrigo Randow de; Santos, Kássia Graciele dos
The significant increase in consumption and green coconut water industrialization in Brazil has generated a lot of residues, which extend the environmental problems if disposed an inappropriate way. In the current context of growing concerns about energy issues, the potential of this biomass as a renewable energy source is highlighted. Among the thermochemical conversion technologies of lignocellulosic materials, the pyrolysis technique has received special attention and the spouted bed has been investigated as a promising reactor for this process due to the good gas-solid contact that it provides. However, the fluid dynamics complexity at this equipment remains as the main obstacle for its use. Thus, in order to contribute to the implementation of the spouted bed as pyrolysis reactor, this paper aims to investigate the fluid dynamic behavior of coconut shell and sand mixtures through experimental studies and CFD simulation. The analysis of the data of pressure drop in the bed allowed to identify stable spouted regimes for mixtures with up to 40 mass% of coconut shell. To evaluate the effect of the mass fraction of coconut shell (10, 25 and 40%) and static bed height (6, 8, 10 cm) above the minimum spouting condition, it was performed a statistical analysis using a factorial design 32 with two central points. The influence of the total mass of particles in the bed and the porosity of the mixture above the condition of minimum spouting was observed. The segregation occurred in a subtle way for all experimental conditions and the mixture index deviated more of the ideal at the base of the equipment, with predominance of sand, denser particle, in this region. The Eulerian Granular Multiphase model was used to describe the flow of air- solid in spouted beds and it was adequate to represent qualitatively this phenomenon. However, by analyzing the minimum spouting pressure drop values, it notes that the simulated results underestimate the experimental, with a maximum relative error of - 34,26%. Based on the analysis of the stability of the bed, segregation and the volume fraction of each phase in mixture, the use of mixtures with mass fraction of coconut shell of 25% is recommended in pyrolysis tests.
Planejamento da logística reversa do óleo residual de fritura para uma destinação ambientalmente correta
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-02-22) Gonçalves, Max Filipe Silva; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Rocha, Sandra Mara Santana; Meneguelo, Ana Paula
Increased waste generation affects the daily lives of millions of people, but the practice of proper disposal of this waste is recent in Brazil, driven by the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS) enacted in 2010. Among the waste, used cooking oil from households, commerce and industry, is a potentially polluting waste when disposed of improperly. Therefore it is necessary to focus on other destinations, such as to home-made soap, paint, biodiesel as others. However, a difficulty in the utilization of this waste is to have a sufficient volume and is provided at low cost so as to enable these processes. In this sense, the objective of this work is to propose a reverse logistics network for this waste by means of a mathematical model for defining return centers minimizing the cost of installation and operation of the network. The model was validated by application in Linhares, north of Espírito Santo. They selected six scenarios based on real data that were run on IBM Solver CPLEX 12.6. With the results obtained, it was possible to assess on alternatives to reverse logistics network. The discussion permeates the economic, legal and environmental drivers. It was possible to see the impact on the total costs of the network with the allocation of facilities in different places, depending on the collected waste volume, and the residue sending flow of the neighborhoods for pre- treatment centers and those for local recycling. It was found that transport costs are more striking than the installation costs. The optimization of reverse logistics network of waste contributes to its implementation and reuse of a harmful waste to the environment, but it can be used as raw material in another productive process, provided it is collected and treated properly.
Análise experimental e computacional para extração da máxima potência em aerogeradores de pequeno porte
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-02-26) Quintas, Bernardino Joaquim; Rocha, Helder Roberto de Oliveira; Celeste, Wanderley Cardoso; Coura, Daniel José Custódio; Meneguelo, Ana Paula

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